{"id":10322,"date":"2021-02-15T11:31:54","date_gmt":"2021-02-15T11:31:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/?p=10322"},"modified":"2021-02-15T11:31:54","modified_gmt":"2021-02-15T11:31:54","slug":"chazarsky-kaganat-a-vlada-chararskej-rise","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/chazarsky-kaganat-a-vlada-chararskej-rise\/","title":{"rendered":"Chazarsk\u00fd kagan\u00e1t a vl\u00e1da chararskej ri\u0161e"},"content":{"rendered":"

Chazarsk\u00fd kagan\u00e1t a vl\u00e1da chararskej ri\u0161e. Kender bol tret\u00edm velite\u013eom chazarskej vl\u00e1dy. Z\u00e1stupca Kenderu, \u0161tvrt\u00fd vo velen\u00ed, bol zn\u00e1my ako \u201ed\u017eavshighar\u201c. Nie je zn\u00e1me, ak\u00e9 administrat\u00edvne \u00falohy t\u00edto dvaja \u00faradn\u00edci vykon\u00e1vali, preto\u017ee ibn Fadlan iba bez bli\u017e\u0161ieho vysvetlenia predstavil svoje tituly. Sergey Klyashtornyi navrhol, aby titul \u201ejavshighar\u201c odvoden\u00fd z turkick\u00fdch slov chav shunghar (ved\u00faci lovu kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdch sokolov). <\/p>\n

Marcel Erdal predpokladal, \u017ee i\u0161lo sk\u00f4r o kombin\u00e1ciu chavish (starotureck\u00fd v\u00fdraz pre vojensk\u00fdch d\u00f4stojn\u00edkov riadiacich rady vojakov po\u010das bitky a ktor\u00fd tie\u017e udr\u017eiaval poriadok na kr\u00e1\u013eovskom dvore) a yugar (osoba, ktor\u00e1 sa zhroma\u017e\u010fuje alebo zvol\u00e1va), a \u017ee by preto bol mar\u0161alom, ktor\u00fd by viedol chav\u00ed\u0161ovcov.<\/p>\n

Chazariu mo\u017eno pova\u017eova\u0165 za kagan\u00e1t r\u00ed\u0161u v obdob\u00ed, ke\u010f Chazari ovl\u00e1dali in\u00e9 etnick\u00e9 skupiny. V druhej polovici \u00f4smeho storo\u010dia ovl\u00e1dli Chazari rozsiahle pozemn\u00e9 \u00fazemie medzi \u010ciernym morom a Kaspick\u00fdm morom, vr\u00e1tane \u010dast\u00ed pohoria Ural a rieky Volhy. To viedlo k uznaniu chazarskej nadvl\u00e1dy mnoh\u00fdmi n\u00e1rodmi, vr\u00e1tane kaukazsk\u00fdch Alanov, Ma\u010farov, Bulharov, niektor\u00fdch slovansk\u00fdch kme\u0148ov a krymsk\u00fdch Gr\u00e9kov a G\u00f3tov. <\/p>\n

Mnoho v\u00fdchodn\u00fdch Slovanov vzd\u00e1valo hold Chazarom zhruba v polovici deviateho storo\u010dia. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

V roku \u201e859\u201c rusk\u00e1 prim\u00e1rna kronika zaznamenala, \u017ee Chazari vzdali hold Polian\u010danom, Severianom a Vyati\u010danom, ktor\u00e1 pozost\u00e1vala z \u201ebielej veveri\u010dej ko\u017ee z ka\u017ed\u00e9ho krbu\u201c. Radimichians tie\u017e vzdal hold Chazarom. Medzit\u00fdm Krivi\u010diari a Slovinci a \u013eudia z Finnic Meria (dnes zn\u00e1mi ako Mari) na severe vzdali hold Varangianom.<\/p>\n

\n

Na\u0161i bratia Chazari!! … by najrad\u0161ej kvi\u010dali z cel\u00e9ho svojho srdca pra\u0161iv\u00e9ho antisemitick\u00e9ho Rostas a Kotleba, m\u00e1vaj\u00fac falo\u0161n\u00fdmi rusk\u00fdmi Sionsk\u00fdmi protokolmi.<\/p>\n

.. keby to vedeli.<\/p>\n

Accuse your enemy of that which you are guilty!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hora Sion sa toti\u017e nach\u00e1dza vo franc\u00fazskom Burgundsku, kde zalo\u017eili templ\u00e1ri Prevorstvo Sionu. Ach jaj \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n

\n

V rovnakom \u010dase, ke\u010f sa vojaci z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148ovali bojov, zostali \u010fal\u0161\u00ed vojaci, aby chr\u00e1nili svoje rodiny a majetok. Chazari pokra\u010dovali v tureckej praxi brania rukojemn\u00edkov z nepriate\u013esk\u00fdch skup\u00edn. Zadr\u017eali tie\u017e cenn\u00e9 poklady nepriate\u013ea. Ke\u010f arm\u00e1da vzala koris\u0165, zhroma\u017edilo sa to v\u0161etko v t\u00e1bore beka, aby si pre seba mohol vybra\u0165 niektor\u00e9 z najoce\u0148ovanej\u0161\u00edch predmetov a zvy\u0161ok rozdeli\u0165 medzi jazdcov. Ibn Fadlan op\u00edsal, \u010do by sa \u00fadajne malo sta\u0165 v udalos\u0165, \u017ee chazarsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da bola ne\u00faspe\u0161n\u00e1:<\/p>\n

Chazarsk\u00fd Kagan, Bek a vl\u00e1da chazarskej r\u00ed\u0161e<\/h1>\n

Ke\u010f [bek] vy\u0161le vojensk\u00fa skupinu, z nijak\u00e9ho d\u00f4vodu sa neoto\u010dia chrbtom. <\/p>\n

Ak s\u00fa porazen\u00ed, ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich, ktor\u00fd sa vr\u00e1ti, je usmrten\u00fd.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ke\u010f sa jeho vodcovia a miestodr\u017eite\u013e dostan\u00fa na \u00fatek, privedie ich pred seba so svojimi man\u017eelkami a de\u0165mi a rozd\u00e1 ich ostatn\u00fdm ako dar\u010dek v ich pr\u00edtomnosti, ke\u010f si ich prezeraj\u00fa. To ist\u00e9 rob\u00ed s ich ko\u0148mi, tovarom, zbra\u0148ami a domami. Niekedy ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich sa rozre\u017ee na dva kusy a vystav\u00ed sa. Niekedy ich zaves\u00ed za krky zo stromov, alebo ak je k nim dobre naklonen\u00fd, urob\u00ed z nich stabiln\u00fdch sluhov.<\/p>\n

Ak vezmeme do \u00favahy ve\u013ea neobvykl\u00fdch vec\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 ibn Fadlan povedal o kr\u00e1\u013eoch, okrem in\u00e9ho aj o ich domnelom zaobch\u00e1dzan\u00ed so stratou gener\u00e1lov, treba ma\u0165 na pam\u00e4ti Dunlopovu vieru, \u017ee od svojho spolucestuj\u00faceho Abdullaha ibn Bashtu mo\u017eno z\u00edskal zaujat\u00e9 alebo prehnan\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie ako aj od r\u00f4znych vol\u017esk\u00fdch Bulharov, ktor\u00ed evidentne nen\u00e1videli vl\u00e1dcov Khazarie a pova\u017eovali ich za tyranov. <\/p>\n

Bek \u017eil v hlavnom meste od decembra do apr\u00edla, pri\u010dom tam oslavoval Chanuku a Pesach. Bek v\u0161ak po v\u0161etky ostatn\u00e9 mesiace preb\u00fdval v stepiach. V ur\u010dit\u00fdch oh\u013eadoch bol bek v porovnan\u00ed s kaganom v porovnan\u00ed s kaganom hor\u0161\u00ed, aspo\u0148 symbolicky, ako nazna\u010duje \u00fa\u010det ibn Fadlana <\/p>\n

Kaganov Bek chod\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 s pokorou k nadraden\u00e9mu Kaganovi, prejavuj\u00fac \u00factu a skromnos\u0165. Vch\u00e1dza iba bos\u00fd a s k\u00faskom dreva v ruke. Ke\u010f ho pozdravil, rozsvietil v jeho pr\u00edtomnosti drevo a ke\u010f u\u017e dohorelo, sadol si s kr\u00e1\u013eom na svoj tr\u00f3n po jeho pravici.<\/p>\n

Po kaganovi, bekovi, kenderovi a javshigharovi bola \u010fal\u0161ou poz\u00edciou v hierarchii moci tarkhan. Tarkhani sl\u00fa\u017eili ako velitelia plukov chazarskej arm\u00e1dy alebo pomocn\u00fdch vojsk. Chazarsk\u00fd tarkhan menom Chorpan v roku 630 pusto\u0161il Arm\u00e9nsko.<\/p>\n

Sl\u00e1vny tarkhan kagan\u00e1tu, zn\u00e1my ako As Tarkhan viedol v rokoch 762\u2013764 rozsiahlu vojensk\u00fa iniciat\u00edvu proti ju\u017en\u00e9mu Kaukazu. Tarkhan bol v \u00f4smom storo\u010d\u00ed tie\u017e titulom miestneho guvern\u00e9ra Atilu.<\/p>\n

Byzantsk\u00fd historik Theophanes p\u00edsal o v\u00fdznamnom chazarskom baliqchi, ktor\u00fd vl\u00e1dol v Ker\u010di na za\u010diatku \u00f4smeho storo\u010dia. Na konci 30. rokov 20. storo\u010dia, po\u010das prv\u00fdch rokov vl\u00e1dy kr\u00e1\u013ea Jozefa, p\u00f4sobil na Bospore \u017eidovsk\u00fd vojensk\u00fd gener\u00e1l s n\u00e1zvom Pesakh ha-M-Q-R \u201eBolushchi\u201c, \u010do sa pod\u013ea niektor\u00fdch vedcov vo svojom v\u00fdzname pova\u017euje za \u201eBaliqchi\u201c. <\/p>\n

V nes\u00fahlasnom stanovisku Erdal nazna\u010dil, \u017ee Pesachov titul \u201ebolushchi\u201c namiesto toho v ture\u010dtine znamen\u00e1 \u201epomocn\u00edk, podporovate\u013e\u201c. <\/p>\n

Baliqchi Pesakh kagan\u00e1tu je zn\u00e1my svojim dobyt\u00edm nad princom Olegom z Ruska. Niektor\u00e9 chazarsk\u00e9 lokality okrem zvolen\u00fdch vodcov ako boli Tuduni a Baliqchis vlastnili aj volen\u00fdch vl\u00e1dnych vodcov. Vo viacer\u00fdch mest\u00e1ch bola zvolen\u00e1 funkcia zn\u00e1ma ako \u201ebabaghuq\u201c (\u201eotec mesta\u201c). Babaghuqovia viedli z\u00e1le\u017eitosti v Chersone medzi 705 a 840. <\/p>\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00ed babaghuq predsedal Samkarshovi okolo roku 703. Miestnym turkick\u00fdm kr\u00e1\u013eom sa hovorilo \u201eel-teber\u201c. El-tebers vl\u00e1dli nad komunitami Chazarov, ako aj nad Ma\u010farmi, Hunmi, Onoghurmi, Volgsk\u00fdmi Bulharmi a Suvarmi a Burtas. Ibn Fadlan uviedol, \u017ee za rie\u0161enie pr\u00e1vnych ot\u00e1zok t\u00fdkaj\u00facich sa atilovej moslimskej popul\u00e1cie bol zodpovedn\u00fd najm\u00e4 jeden moslimsk\u00fd \u00faradn\u00edk. Hlavn\u00fdm predstavite\u013eom moslimskej komunity bol vez\u00edr (arabsky wazir). <\/p>\n

Vez\u00edri Ahmad ibn Kuya a Khaz boli vybran\u00ed z ghulamov (otrok\u00e1rskych vojakov) v arm\u00e1de chazarsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013ea. Omeljan Pritsak navrhol, \u017ee vez\u00edr Kuya, otec Ahmada, bol toto\u017en\u00fd s Kijom zo star\u00fdch rusk\u00fdch kron\u00edk.<\/p>\n

Guvern\u00e9ri provinci\u00ed Chazarskej r\u00ed\u0161e mali titul \u201etudun\u201c a boli menovan\u00ed kaganom. Turksk\u00ed tud\u00fani vyberali dane a cl\u00e1. Chazarsk\u00ed tud\u00fani ovl\u00e1dali \u010dasti Krymu vr\u00e1tane Chersonu a Dorosu. Boli tie\u017e vymenovan\u00ed vl\u00e1dni \u00faradn\u00edci s titulom \u201ebaliqchi\u201c, ktor\u00ed vl\u00e1dli na Cimmerian Bospor (t. J. Kerch) a Samkarsh. N\u00e1zov \u201ebaliqchi\u201c znamen\u00e1 \u201eryb\u00e1r\u201c a odr\u00e1\u017ea hlavn\u00fd z\u00e1ujem Chazarov o rybolov. Baliqchis boli pova\u017eovan\u00ed za str\u00e1\u017ecov n\u00e1bre\u017eia.<\/p>\n

Chazarsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da zda\u0148ovala v\u00fdrobky kov\u00e1\u010dov. Jedlo a pitie boli tie\u017e zdanen\u00e9. Napr\u00edklad moslimsk\u00ed obchodn\u00edci v Khazaran-Atil platili dane vo forme jedla chazarsk\u00fdm kaganom. Popri cl\u00e1ch na tovar a dopravu boli tieto dane d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm zdrojom pr\u00edjmu kaganovej vl\u00e1dy. <\/p>\n

Hudud al\u2018Alam uviedol, \u017ee n\u00e1morn\u00e9 cl\u00e1 priniesli najviac bohatstva chazarsk\u00e9mu kr\u00e1\u013eovi.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pr\u00edjmy podporili obrovsk\u00e9 zdroje Khazarie, vr\u00e1tane vypl\u00e1cania platov vojakov, pohrani\u010dnej str\u00e1\u017ee, sudcov, rab\u00ednov a guvern\u00e9rov za vykon\u00e1vanie ka\u017edodenn\u00fdch \u00faloh, ako je obrana hran\u00edc, prev\u00e1dzka synag\u00f3g, prev\u00e1dzka s\u00fadneho syst\u00e9mu a \u00fadr\u017eba kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9ho pal\u00e1ca.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Chazarsk\u00fd kagan\u00e1t a vl\u00e1da chararskej ri\u0161e. Kender bol tret\u00edm velite\u013eom chazarskej vl\u00e1dy. Z\u00e1stupca Kenderu, \u0161tvrt\u00fd vo velen\u00ed, bol zn\u00e1my ako \u201ed\u017eavshighar\u201c. Nie je zn\u00e1me, ak\u00e9 administrat\u00edvne \u00falohy t\u00edto dvaja \u00faradn\u00edci vykon\u00e1vali, preto\u017ee ibn Fadlan iba bez bli\u017e\u0161ieho vysvetlenia predstavil svoje tituly. Sergey Klyashtornyi navrhol, aby titul \u201ejavshighar\u201c odvoden\u00fd z turkick\u00fdch slov chav shunghar (ved\u00faci lovu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10322","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-knihy","category-historia-anatolij-fomenko"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10322","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10322"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10322\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10322"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10322"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10322"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}