Revol\u00facia elektrick\u00fdch \u00e1ut riskuje kopec toxick\u00e9ho odpadu z bat\u00e9ri\u00ed. Zelen\u00fd tlak Gigafactories smerom k nulov\u00fdm \u010dist\u00fdm emisi\u00e1m by mohol vytvori\u0165 mili\u00f3ny ton nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho odpadu. Kedysi v \u0148om po\u010das bitky o Brit\u00e1niu s\u00eddlili st\u00edhacie letky RAF. \u010coskoro by sa v\u0161ak letisko v Coventry mohlo sta\u0165 domovom revol\u00facie v oblasti bat\u00e9ri\u00ed vo West Midlands.<\/p>\n
Miesto je jedn\u00fdm z navrhovan\u00fdch domov pre britsk\u00fa \u201egigafactory\u201c, tov\u00e1re\u0148 na bat\u00e9rie, ktor\u00e1 bude zdrojom energie pre mili\u00f3ny elektrick\u00fdch vozidiel (EV), o ktor\u00fdch vl\u00e1da d\u00fafa, \u017ee jedn\u00e9ho d\u0148a bud\u00fa v Brit\u00e1nii postaven\u00e9.<\/p>\n
Andy Street, starosta West Midlands, vyhl\u00e1sil, \u017ee \u201enebude odpo\u010d\u00edva\u0165\u201c, k\u00fdm regi\u00f3n nebude ma\u0165 gigatov\u00e1re\u0148, ktor\u00fa potrebuje.<\/p>\n
Britsk\u00fd start-up Britishvolt \u00fadajne zva\u017eoval pozemok pre svoju gigatov\u00e1re\u0148 za 2,6 miliardy libier , ale odmietol to. \u010eal\u0161\u00edmi firmami, ktor\u00e9 pod\u013ea spr\u00e1v maj\u00fa z\u00e1ujem o Ve\u013ek\u00fa Brit\u00e1niu, s\u00fa slovensk\u00e9 Inobat, Samsung a LG Chem. Ford tie\u017e zva\u017euje, kam umiestni\u0165 z\u00e1vod na bat\u00e9rie pre svoju nadch\u00e1dzaj\u00facu elektrick\u00fa dod\u00e1vku Transit Custom. Vl\u00e1da pris\u013e\u00fabila 500 mili\u00f3nov libier na podporu projektov gigafactory .<\/p>\n
Hoci sa d\u00fafa, \u017ee polo\u017eenie obrovsk\u00fdch gigatov\u00e1rn\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 bud\u00fa vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 mili\u00f3ny bat\u00e9ri\u00ed do elektrick\u00fdch vozidiel po celej Eur\u00f3pe, m\u00f4\u017ee zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 emisie uhl\u00edka z dopravy, prich\u00e1dza nov\u00fd probl\u00e9m: elektronick\u00fd odpad.<\/p>\n
\u201ePrich\u00e1dzaj\u00face cunami vybit\u00fdch bat\u00e9ri\u00ed e\u0161te len pr\u00eddu,\u201c hovor\u00ed Ajay Kochhar, v\u00fdkonn\u00fd riadite\u013e Li-Cycle, najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej severoamerickej spolo\u010dnosti na recykl\u00e1ciu l\u00edtium-i\u00f3nov\u00fdch bat\u00e9ri\u00ed. \u201ePrv\u00e1 gener\u00e1cia elektromobilov vy\u0161la na cesty len pred nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi rokmi. Suroviny potrebn\u00e9 na v\u00fdrobu bat\u00e9ri\u00ed pre elektromobily s\u00fa vz\u00e1cne. Kobalt, nikel a l\u00edtium maj\u00fa v\u0161etky silne sporn\u00e9 dod\u00e1vate\u013esk\u00e9 re\u0165azce . Recykl\u00e1cia t\u00fdchto kovov by mohla poskytn\u00fa\u0165 cenn\u00fd zdroj tam, kde nie s\u00fa \u017eiadne miestne bane.<\/p>\n
Brit\u00e1nia sa sna\u017e\u00ed zabezpe\u010di\u0165 kapacitu v\u00fdroby bat\u00e9ri\u00ed, pri\u010dom zaost\u00e1va za Eur\u00f3pou. V Eur\u00f3pe je zatia\u013e napl\u00e1novan\u00fdch 38 gigafabr\u00edk na bat\u00e9rie. Len jedna m\u00e1 potvrden\u00fa britsk\u00fa lokalitu Britishvolt, ktor\u00e1 m\u00e1 pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 umiestnenie v Blythe. \u010eal\u0161ia britsk\u00e1 firma AMTE Power pl\u00e1nuje tov\u00e1re\u0148 na dva gigawatty. Jeho gener\u00e1lny riadite\u013e Kevin Brundish varuje, \u017ee odvetvie potrebuje \u201ev\u00fdrazne vy\u0161\u0161iu \u00farove\u0148 podpory\u201c, ako je s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdch 500 mili\u00f3nov libier.<\/p>\n
Analytici Benchmark Mineral Intelligence tvrdia, \u017ee je potrebn\u00fdch viac ako 15 mili\u00e1rd libier, pri\u010dom najmenej 25 percent od \u0161t\u00e1tu. \u201eBez l\u00edtium-i\u00f3nov\u00fdch bat\u00e9ri\u00ed nebudete ma\u0165 r\u00fdchle masov\u00e9 prijatie elektrick\u00fdch vozidiel,\u201c hovoria. “A bez l\u00edtia, kobaltu [a] niklu… nebudete ma\u0165 l\u00edtium-i\u00f3nov\u00e9 bat\u00e9rie.”<\/p>\n
Bat\u00e9rie elektromobilov maj\u00fa pomerne dlh\u00fa \u017eivotnos\u0165 a\u017e 15 rokov, no \u010doskoro sa bud\u00fa hromadi\u0165. Gavin Harper, kolega z Faradayovho in\u0161tit\u00fatu a v\u00fdskumn\u00edk na univerzite v Birminghame, vypo\u010d\u00edtal, \u017ee do roku 2040 bude asi 8 mili\u00f3nov ton pou\u017eit\u00fdch bat\u00e9ri\u00ed, \u010do je pribli\u017ene 1,3-n\u00e1sobok hmotnosti Ve\u013ekej pyram\u00eddy v G\u00edze.<\/p>\n
Odpadov\u00e9 bat\u00e9rie, najm\u00e4 kobalt, m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 toxick\u00e9. \u00dadaje o tom, ko\u013eko l\u00edtiov\u00fdch bat\u00e9ri\u00ed sa recykluje, sa l\u00ed\u0161ia od 5 % a\u017e po menej ako polovicu. Ale pre Harper by mal by\u0165 nadch\u00e1dzaj\u00faci prebytok elektrick\u00fdch bat\u00e9ri\u00ed vn\u00edman\u00fd ako \u201eobrovsk\u00fd zdroj\u201c.<\/p>\n
Elektromobily be\u017ene funguj\u00fa na l\u00edtium-i\u00f3nov\u00fdch bat\u00e9ri\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 obsahuj\u00fa nieko\u013eko stoviek jednotliv\u00fdch l\u00edtium-i\u00f3nov\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nkov. Existuje hodnota, ktor\u00fa mo\u017eno z\u00edska\u0165 z kovov pou\u017eit\u00fdch na v\u00fdrobu t\u00fdchto bat\u00e9ri\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 mo\u017eno op\u00e4tovne pou\u017ei\u0165 alebo vy\u010disti\u0165 a recyklova\u0165. Kv\u00f4li nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom, ktor\u00e9 bat\u00e9rie obsahuj\u00fa, je v\u0161ak potrebn\u00e9 ich riadne rozobra\u0165, aby sa predi\u0161lo ich expl\u00f3zii.<\/p>\n
V\u00fdrobcovia automobilov tie\u017e h\u013eadaj\u00fa l\u00edtium-\u017eelezofosf\u00e1tov\u00e9 bat\u00e9rie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa lacnej\u0161ie, preto\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa sk\u00f4r hojn\u00e9 \u017eelezo ne\u017e vz\u00e1cnej\u0161ie kovy. Tie sa teraz pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v automobiloch Tesla Model 3. Av\u0161ak ni\u017e\u0161ia cena ich surov\u00edn znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ich recykl\u00e1cia m\u00e1 men\u0161iu hodnotu.<\/p>\n
\u201eJe to ve\u013emi dobr\u00fd materi\u00e1l bat\u00e9rie,\u201c hovor\u00ed Paul Anderson, spoluriadite\u013e Centra pre strategick\u00e9 prvky a kritick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly Birminghamskej univerzity. “Na chvoste je, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve hodnota drah\u00fdch kovov rob\u00ed recykl\u00e1ciu \u017eivotaschopnou.”<\/p>\n
\u010coskoro bud\u00fa tieto bat\u00e9rie pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 v desiatkach mili\u00f3nov \u00e1ut. Do roku 2030 bude na cest\u00e1ch 145 mili\u00f3nov elektromobilov v porovnan\u00ed so s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdmi len 11 mili\u00f3nmi. Recykl\u00e1cia bat\u00e9ri\u00ed \u010del\u00ed nie\u010domu ako probl\u00e9m sliepky a vajca. Je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 ospravedlni\u0165 n\u00e1rast recykl\u00e1cie s tak mal\u00fdm po\u010dtom elektrick\u00fdch \u00e1ut na cest\u00e1ch \u2013 \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee bat\u00e9rie id\u00fa nazmar.<\/p>\n
Hans Eric Melin zo spolo\u010dnosti Circular Energy Storage hovor\u00ed, \u017ee existuje kapacita na recykl\u00e1ciu bat\u00e9ri\u00ed, najm\u00e4 v \u010c\u00edne. Varuje v\u0161ak, \u017ee to s\u0165a\u017euje budovanie kapac\u00edt v Eur\u00f3pe, v neposlednom rade v Spojenom kr\u00e1\u013eovstve. V\u00fdzva recykl\u00e1cie prich\u00e1dzaj\u00facej vlny l\u00edtium-i\u00f3nov\u00fdch bat\u00e9ri\u00ed sa zd\u00e1 by\u0165 sk\u013eu\u010duj\u00faca, ale existuje precedens.<\/p>\n
\u201ePribli\u017ene 96 percent oloven\u00fdch bat\u00e9ri\u00ed sa recykluje alebo op\u00e4tovne pou\u017e\u00edva,\u201c hovor\u00ed Saiful Islam, profesor ch\u00e9mie materi\u00e1lov na University of Bath. “To bude rovnak\u00e9 pre l\u00edtium-i\u00f3n v aut\u00e1ch.”<\/p>\n
Posilnenie recykl\u00e1cie si v\u0161ak bude vy\u017eadova\u0165 zmeny od v\u00fdrobcov bat\u00e9ri\u00ed a v\u00fdrobcov automobilov. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti s\u00fa bat\u00e9rie rozdrven\u00e9 na l\u00e1tku naz\u00fdvan\u00fa \u201e\u010dierna hmota\u201c, trosku, ktor\u00e1 sa potom rafinuje, aby sa z nej mohli odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 miner\u00e1ly. Ale toto je energeticky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9. Ru\u010dn\u00e1 demont\u00e1\u017e \u010dast\u00ed bat\u00e9rie je mo\u017en\u00e1, ale je spojen\u00e1 s bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdmi rizikami.<\/p>\n
Harper ver\u00ed, \u017ee robotika a automatiz\u00e1cia m\u00f4\u017eu tento proces ur\u00fdchli\u0165 a urobi\u0165 ho bezpe\u010dnej\u0161\u00edm. Apple zostrojil robota s n\u00e1zvom Daisy, ktor\u00fd dok\u00e1\u017ee rozobra\u0165 iPhony a n\u00e1js\u0165 v nich cenn\u00e9 miner\u00e1ly. V\u00fdrobcovia automobilov tie\u017e zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa svoju \u00falohu, hovor\u00ed Harper. \u201eExistuje mas\u00edvny pr\u00edpad navrhovania na recykl\u00e1ciu,\u201c hovor\u00ed. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina autobat\u00e9ri\u00ed a dielov zlepen\u00e1, tak\u017ee ich vyberanie je n\u00e1kladn\u00e9.<\/p>\n
Je tu aj obchodn\u00e1 pr\u00edle\u017eitos\u0165. Predpoklad\u00e1 sa, \u017ee trh s recykl\u00e1ciou l\u00edtium-i\u00f3nov\u00fdch bat\u00e9ri\u00ed bude do roku 2025 predstavova\u0165 pribli\u017ene 12 mili\u00e1rd USD. Eur\u00f3pska \u00fania aktualizuje svoju smernicu o bat\u00e9ri\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e1 po\u017eaduje, aby sa v nov\u00fdch bat\u00e9ri\u00e1ch pou\u017e\u00edval minim\u00e1lny podiel recyklovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n
Hoci sa n\u00e1por v\u00fdzvy na recykl\u00e1ciu bat\u00e9ri\u00ed m\u00f4\u017ee zda\u0165 \u010faleko, nie\u010do z toho je potrebn\u00e9 u\u017e teraz, hovor\u00ed Simon Moores, v\u00fdkonn\u00fd riadite\u013e Benchmark Mineral Intelligence. Dokonca aj vo v\u00fdrobnom procese \u201emiera zo\u0161rotovania m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 na za\u010diatku 25 percent\u201c, hovor\u00ed. “Recykl\u00e1cia je potrebn\u00e1 v bl\u00edzkosti z\u00e1vodov na bat\u00e9rie.”<\/p>\n
Existuje riziko, \u017ee Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo zaostane v recykl\u00e1cii. Pod\u013ea spr\u00e1vy z University of Warwick neexistuj\u00fa v Spojenom kr\u00e1\u013eovstve \u017eiadne ve\u013ek\u00e9 miesta na recykl\u00e1ciu l\u00edtium-i\u00f3nov\u00fdch bat\u00e9ri\u00ed a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina n\u00e1\u0161ho odpadu sa vyv\u00e1\u017ea. Tvrdia, \u017ee recykl\u00e1cia by mohla uspokoji\u0165 22 percent britsk\u00e9ho dopytu po surovin\u00e1ch v gigafactory.<\/p>\n
Harper hovor\u00ed, \u017ee recykl\u00e1cia bat\u00e9ri\u00ed by sa nemala pova\u017eova\u0165 za bolestiv\u00fa cenu. Poznamen\u00e1va, \u017ee \u010d\u00ednski v\u00fdrobcovia bat\u00e9ri\u00ed, ako napr\u00edklad BYB, u\u017e sk\u00famaj\u00fa, ako mo\u017eno ich \u010dl\u00e1nky recyklova\u0165, aby sa tieto vz\u00e1cne materi\u00e1ly op\u00e4\u0165 lacno pou\u017eili. Tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd pr\u00edstup priemyslu k bat\u00e9ri\u00e1m, ktor\u00fd ich vid\u00ed \u201erozdrvi\u0165 a potom vyrie\u0161i\u0165, \u010do s t\u00fdm odpadom\u201c, sa mus\u00ed zmeni\u0165 \u2013 \u010do sa za\u010dne t\u00fdm, \u017ee spolo\u010dnosti vyr\u00e1baj\u00face bat\u00e9rie a automobilky buduj\u00fa z\u00e1vody v Brit\u00e1nii. \u201eAk chcete obnovi\u0165 neporu\u0161en\u00fa kat\u00f3du, bolo by ove\u013ea lep\u0161ie navrhn\u00fa\u0165 bat\u00e9rie, ktor\u00e9 sa daj\u00fa rozobra\u0165,\u201c hovor\u00ed Harper.<\/p>\n
Pre Brit\u00e1niu je to sp\u00f4sob, ako \u0165a\u017ei\u0165 suroviny, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 v Spojenom kr\u00e1\u013eovstve vz\u00e1cne, a vytvori\u0165 si dom\u00e1cu z\u00e1sobu z ni\u010doho. \u201eTieto kovy s\u00fa skuto\u010dne cenn\u00e9 a v Spojenom kr\u00e1\u013eovstve nem\u00e1me dom\u00e1ce z\u00e1soby. Je to mestsk\u00e1 \u0165a\u017eba high-tech sp\u00f4sobom,\u201c hovor\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Ak m\u00e1 pravdu, britsk\u00e9 gigatov\u00e1rne, ako napr\u00edklad na letisku v Coventry a v Blythe, bud\u00fa \u010doskoro potrebova\u0165 z\u00e1vody na recykl\u00e1ciu giga, aby sa k nim pridali.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Revol\u00facia elektrick\u00fdch \u00e1ut riskuje kopec toxick\u00e9ho odpadu z bat\u00e9ri\u00ed. Zelen\u00fd tlak Gigafactories smerom k nulov\u00fdm \u010dist\u00fdm emisi\u00e1m by mohol vytvori\u0165 mili\u00f3ny ton nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho odpadu. Kedysi v \u0148om po\u010das bitky o Brit\u00e1niu s\u00eddlili st\u00edhacie letky RAF. \u010coskoro by sa v\u0161ak letisko v Coventry mohlo sta\u0165 domovom revol\u00facie v oblasti bat\u00e9ri\u00ed vo West Midlands. Revol\u00facia nov\u00fdch elektrick\u00fdch […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28087","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exo-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28087","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28087"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28087\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28087"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28087"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28087"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}