{"id":28310,"date":"2023-03-13T16:46:24","date_gmt":"2023-03-13T16:46:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/?p=28310"},"modified":"2023-03-13T16:46:24","modified_gmt":"2023-03-13T16:46:24","slug":"tajomna-civilizacia-hopewell-culture-v-usa-ktora-nezanechala-ziadne-pisomne-zaznamy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/tajomna-civilizacia-hopewell-culture-v-usa-ktora-nezanechala-ziadne-pisomne-zaznamy\/","title":{"rendered":"Tajomn\u00e1 civiliz\u00e1cia Hopewell Culture v USA, ktor\u00e1 nezanechala \u017eiadne p\u00edsomn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tajomn\u00e1 civiliz\u00e1cia v USA, ktor\u00e1 nezanechala \u017eiadne p\u00edsomn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy. Zemn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce Octagon Hopewell. Octagon sa v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti pou\u017e\u00edva ako golfov\u00e9 ihrisko. V\u0161etky tieto prehistorick\u00e9 obradn\u00e9 zemn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce v Ohiu boli vytvoren\u00e9 t\u00fdm, \u010do sa dnes naz\u00fdva Hopewell Culture, sie\u0165 indi\u00e1nskych spolo\u010dnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa zhroma\u017edili a\u017e z \u010falekej Montany a Mexick\u00e9ho z\u00e1livu medzi zhruba 100 pred Kristom a 500 n. L. A boli spojen\u00e9 s\u00e9riou obchodn\u00fdch ciest. Ich zemn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce v Ohiu pozost\u00e1vaj\u00fa z tvarov \u2013 ako s\u00fa kruhy, \u0161tvorce a osemuholn\u00edky \u2013 ktor\u00e9 boli \u010dasto navz\u00e1jom spojen\u00e9. Archeol\u00f3govia a\u017e teraz za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa ch\u00e1pa\u0165 sofistikovanos\u0165 t\u00fdchto in\u017einierskych z\u00e1zrakov.<\/p>\n

Tajomn\u00e1 civiliz\u00e1cia Hopewell Culture v USA
ktor\u00e1 nezanechala \u017eiadne p\u00edsomn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy<\/h1>\n

Postaven\u00e9 s \u00fa\u017easnou matematickou presnos\u0165ou, ako aj komplexn\u00fdm astronomick\u00fdm usporiadan\u00edm, s\u00fa to najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie geometrick\u00e9 zemn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce na svete, ktor\u00e9 neboli postaven\u00e9 ako opevnenia alebo obrann\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary. A hoci v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u013eud\u00ed nikdy nepo\u010dula o lokalit\u00e1ch alebo ich stavite\u013eoch, m\u00f4\u017ee sa to \u010doskoro zmeni\u0165.<\/p>\n

Ministerstvo vn\u00fatra USA nominovalo osem zemn\u00fdch pr\u00e1c Hopewell na pos\u00fadenie v roku 2023 ako lokality svetov\u00e9ho dedi\u010dstva UNESCO. Patr\u00ed medzi ne Ve\u013ek\u00fd kruh a Oktagon v Newarku v Ohiu, ako aj prv\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1tny park Ohia, Fort Ancient. \u010eal\u0161\u00edch p\u00e4\u0165 je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou n\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho historick\u00e9ho parku Hopewell Culture: Mound City, Hopeton Earthworks, High Bank Works, Hopewell Mound Group a Seip Earthworks. Oktagon a Ve\u013ek\u00fd kruh boli kedysi v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm, jedin\u00fdm Hopewellov\u00fdm komplexom s rozlohou 4,5 km\u00b2 a prepojen\u00fdm s\u00e9riou ciest lemovan\u00fdch zemn\u00fdmi stenami. <\/p>\n

Pri dne\u0161nej prech\u00e1dzke oboma miestami doch\u00e1dza k okam\u017eit\u00e9mu \u0161oku z rozsahu. Ve\u013ek\u00fd kruh, kde sa nach\u00e1dza m\u00fazeum pre sl\u00e1vnostn\u00e9 zemn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce Hopewell, m\u00e1 priemer 1 200 st\u00f4p. Jeho steny sa t\u00fd\u010dia a\u017e do v\u00fd\u0161ky 14 st\u00f4p a s\u00fa zvn\u00fatra ohrani\u010den\u00e9 hlbokou priekopou. Ve\u013ek\u00fd kruh bol kedysi spojen\u00fd so \u0161tvorcom a pohrebnou elipsou, pri\u010dom dodnes je vidite\u013en\u00e1 iba \u010das\u0165 n\u00e1mestia. Oktagon sa rozprestiera na mas\u00edvnych 50 akroch a je pripojen\u00fd k 20-akrov\u00e9mu observat\u00f3riu, ve\u013ek\u00e9mu zemn\u00e9mu kruhu na zhroma\u017e\u010fovanie a ritu\u00e1ly spojen\u00e9 s pozorovan\u00edm no\u010dnej oblohy.<\/p>\n

“Mohli by ste da\u0165 \u0161tyri r\u00edmske Koloseum len do Oktagonu”. Stonehenge by sa zmestil pr\u00e1ve do toho mal\u00e9ho kruhu, ktor\u00fd teraz sl\u00fa\u017ei ako zelen\u00e1. Dodal, \u017ee pred 2,000 XNUMX rokmi domorod\u00ed pracovn\u00edci stavali tieto zemn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce bez modern\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov, vykop\u00e1vali p\u00f4du \u0161picat\u00fdmi palicami a \u0165ahali ju v pr\u00faten\u00fdch ko\u0161och na chrbte. Jeden odhad, poznamenal, je, \u017ee presunuli sedem mili\u00f3nov kubick\u00fdch st\u00f4p \u0161piny.<\/p>\n

\u00daspech kult\u00fary Hopewell v\u0161ak nespo\u010d\u00edva len vo vytv\u00e1ran\u00ed ve\u013ek\u00fdch, presn\u00fdch tvarov, ktor\u00e9 robili bez v\u00fdh\u013eadu na kopce pre leteck\u00fd v\u00fdh\u013ead. Do t\u00fdchto \u0161trukt\u00far tie\u017e vlo\u017eili ak\u00fasi skryt\u00fa geometriu. K\u00fdm neboli kopce zmeran\u00e9 a porovnan\u00e9, predpokladalo sa, \u017ee stavitelia nemali \u017eiadnu matematick\u00fa a geometrick\u00fa sofistikovanos\u0165, preto\u017ee neexistuj\u00fa \u017eiadne p\u00edsomn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy, ktor\u00e9 by sved\u010dili o ich \u00farovni vedomost\u00ed. Nakoniec sa v\u0161ak zistilo, \u017ee vo svojich zemn\u00fdch pr\u00e1cach vykonali presn\u00e9 merania a ni\u010d netu\u0161iacimi sp\u00f4sobmi ich spojili.<\/p>\n

Zatia\u013e \u010do geometrick\u00e9 a matematick\u00e9 znalosti Hopewellovej kult\u00fary ohromili vedcov, \u010fal\u0161ia \u00farove\u0148 sofistikovanosti sa objav\u00ed, ke\u010f sa vrstvy \u010falej odlupuj\u00fa: astronomick\u00e9 zarovnanie.<\/p>\n

V 80. rokoch sa dvaja profesori na Earlham College v Indiane, Ray Hively (fyzik a astron\u00f3m) a Robert Horn (filozof), rozhodli nav\u0161t\u00edvi\u0165 Oktagon a k nemu pripojen\u00fd kruh observat\u00f3ria. Ke\u010f\u017ee astronomick\u00fdm pamiatkam ako Stonehenge sa venovala ve\u013ek\u00e1 pozornos\u0165, zauj\u00edmalo ich, \u010di s\u00fa tieto zemn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce tie\u017e zos\u00faladen\u00e9 so slne\u010dn\u00fdm kalend\u00e1rom. Hively a Horn nena\u0161li \u017eiadne sol\u00e1rne spojenia, ale potom uva\u017eovali o alternat\u00edvnom \u00fa\u010dele: lun\u00e1rnom cykle.<\/p>\n

\"Tajomn\u00e1<\/p>\n

“Mysleli sme si, \u017ee \u00famyseln\u00e9 zarovnanie lun\u00e1rneho syst\u00e9mu je v Newarku nepravdepodobn\u00e9,” nap\u00edsali, preto\u017ee zatia\u013e \u010do Slnko je mo\u017en\u00e9 sledova\u0165 viac ako rok, \u00fapln\u00fd lun\u00e1rny cyklus trv\u00e1 18,6 roka. Napriek tomu sa uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee lun\u00e1rny cyklus zodpoved\u00e1 polohe Hvezd\u00e1rskej mohyly pri Kruhu observat\u00f3ria. Tam je mo\u017en\u00e9 pozorova\u0165, ako Mesiac st\u00fapa nad presn\u00fdm stredom Oktagonu v dia\u013eke ka\u017ed\u00fdch 18,6 rokov.<\/p>\n

“Astronomick\u00e9 zarovnania s\u00fa relevantn\u00e9 a u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 iba vtedy, ak nejak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa nebesk\u00e9 gule so syst\u00e9mami viery a ch\u00e1pan\u00edm \u017eivota,” povedal Timothy Darvill, profesor archeol\u00f3gie na Bournemouthskej univerzite, ktor\u00fd sk\u00famal Stonehenge aj Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks. “Obrady okolo pozorovania panor\u00e1my oblohy by mohli ma\u0165 sekund\u00e1rnu funkciu, pokia\u013e ide o podporu komunity.”<\/p>\n

T\u00e1to starod\u00e1vna komunita a kult\u00fara je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou pr\u00edpadu, ktor\u00fd sa predklad\u00e1 UNESCO. Ke\u010f\u017ee kult\u00fara Hopewell nezanechala \u017eiadne p\u00edsomn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy, iba zemn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce a nieko\u013eko predmetov, ktor\u00e9 sa z nich z\u00edskali, sl\u00fa\u017eia ako ich posledn\u00e9 kult\u00farne svedectvo. Zatia\u013e \u010do na niektor\u00fdch miestach pokra\u010duj\u00fa archeologick\u00e9 vykop\u00e1vky, na\u0161li sa predmety, ako s\u00fa ritu\u00e1lne faj\u010diarske fajky a mal\u00e1 kamenn\u00e1 socha \u0161amana, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 na sebe medvediu ko\u017eu a dr\u017e\u00ed \u013eudsk\u00fa lebku zvan\u00fa “\u0161aman z Newarku”. <\/p>\n

Ke\u010f\u017ee tieto zemn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce zhroma\u017e\u010fovali miesta a nie dediny, boli objaven\u00e9 aj artefakty predstavuj\u00face miesta, z ktor\u00fdch t\u00edto domorod\u00ed obyvatelia cestovali, ako napr\u00edklad podobiz\u0148ov\u00e9 r\u00fary, meden\u00e1 hlavov\u00e1 doska a obsidi\u00e1nov\u00fd n\u00f4\u017e.<\/p>\n

Av\u0161ak potom, \u010do kult\u00fara Hopewell postupne za\u010dala mizn\u00fa\u0165 okolo roku 500 n\u00e1\u0161ho letopo\u010dtu, vst\u00fapili \u010fal\u0161\u00ed domorod\u00ed obyvatelia, aby sa stali spr\u00e1vcami krajiny. Jednou z t\u00fdchto skup\u00edn bol kme\u0148 Shawnee, ktor\u00fd naz\u00fdval Ohio domovom predt\u00fdm, ako boli v roku 1830 n\u00e1silne odstr\u00e1nen\u00ed z\u00e1padne od rieky Mississippi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tajomn\u00e1 civiliz\u00e1cia v USA, ktor\u00e1 nezanechala \u017eiadne p\u00edsomn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy. Zemn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce Octagon Hopewell. Octagon sa v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti pou\u017e\u00edva ako golfov\u00e9 ihrisko. V\u0161etky tieto prehistorick\u00e9 obradn\u00e9 zemn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce v Ohiu boli vytvoren\u00e9 t\u00fdm, \u010do sa dnes naz\u00fdva Hopewell Culture, sie\u0165 indi\u00e1nskych spolo\u010dnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa zhroma\u017edili a\u017e z \u010falekej Montany a Mexick\u00e9ho z\u00e1livu medzi zhruba 100 pred […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28310","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exo-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28310","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28310"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28310\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28310"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28310"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28310"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}