L\u00edtium-i\u00f3nov\u00e9 (Li-ion) bat\u00e9rie, ktor\u00e9 poh\u00e1\u0148aj\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu ev , s\u00fa ich jedin\u00fdm najdrah\u0161\u00edm komponentom, ktor\u00fd zvy\u010dajne predstavuje pribli\u017ene 40 % ceny nov\u00e9ho vozidla. Materi\u00e1ly, z ktor\u00fdch s\u00fa tieto bat\u00e9rie vyroben\u00e9, ur\u010duj\u00fa ich v\u00fdkon, a preto pom\u00e1haj\u00fa ur\u010di\u0165, ako \u010faleko m\u00f4\u017ee ev prejs\u0165 na jedno nabitie, ako r\u00fdchlo dok\u00e1\u017ee \u00eds\u0165 a ako dlho vydr\u017e\u00ed jeho bat\u00e9ria. Najkritickej\u0161ou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou t\u00fdchto bat\u00e9ri\u00ed s\u00fa zase ich kat\u00f3dy, ktor\u00e9 predstavuj\u00fa pribli\u017ene polovicu ich hodnoty. Z\u00e1vod v Nyse vyr\u00e1ba kat\u00f3dov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, \u010do ho stavia do centra revol\u00facie v oblasti bat\u00e9ri\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Ke\u010f\u017ee predaj elektrick\u00fdch vozidiel na niektor\u00fdch trhoch je pomal\u00fd, v\u00fdrobcovia automobilov d\u00fafaj\u00fa, \u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161ia predaj lacnej\u0161\u00edmi a v\u00fdkonnej\u0161\u00edmi bat\u00e9riami. Lacnej\u0161ie materi\u00e1ly v\u0161ak m\u00f4\u017eu poskytn\u00fa\u0165 zn\u00ed\u017een\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 v\u00fdkonu, tak\u017ee sa pravdepodobne bud\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 v mestsk\u00fdch aut\u00e1ch s krat\u0161\u00edm dojazdom. Drah\u0161ie vysokov\u00fdkonn\u00e9 verzie s\u00fa zameran\u00e9 na luxusn\u00e9 a \u0161portov\u00e9 aut\u00e1. A niekde v strede s\u00fa verzie oboch. To v\u0161etko znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ev bud\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 mnoho r\u00f4znych typov bat\u00e9ri\u00ed a ka\u017ed\u00e1 verzia bude potrebova\u0165 in\u00fa zmes akt\u00edvneho materi\u00e1lu kat\u00f3dy ( cam).<\/p>\n
Nysa ukazuje, ako sa priemysel pripravuje na bud\u00facnos\u0165 s viacer\u00fdmi bat\u00e9riami. \u201eNepodporujeme jedn\u00e9ho ko\u0148a,\u201c hovor\u00ed Mathias Miedreich, \u0161\u00e9f spolo\u010dnosti Umicore, bruselskej materi\u00e1lovej skupiny, ktor\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed prev\u00e1dzku v Nyse. T\u00e1to strat\u00e9gia sa odr\u00e1\u017ea v dizajne z\u00e1vodu. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina tov\u00e1rn\u00ed je konfigurovan\u00e1 line\u00e1rnym sp\u00f4sobom, pri\u010dom suroviny postupuj\u00fa pozd\u013a\u017e v\u00fdrobnej linky pri vykon\u00e1van\u00ed oper\u00e1ci\u00ed. existuj\u00face cam tov\u00e1rne Umicore v \u010c\u00edne a Ju\u017enej K\u00f3rei funguj\u00fa t\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom. <\/p>\n
V Nyse je v\u0161ak v\u00fdroba usporiadan\u00e1 modul\u00e1rne. R\u00f4zne procesy sa vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa v oddelen\u00fdch budov\u00e1ch, pri\u010dom materi\u00e1ly sa medzi nimi prepravuj\u00fa v obrovsk\u00fdch kontajneroch podobn\u00fdch vreciam. To umo\u017e\u0148uje r\u00fdchly prechod v\u00fdroby na v\u00fdrobu alternat\u00edvnych ch\u00e9mie bat\u00e9ri\u00ed pod\u013ea dopytu a jednoduch\u0161ie zav\u00e1dzanie nov\u00fdch procesov s v\u00fdvojom technol\u00f3gi\u00ed. Toto usporiadanie sa pou\u017e\u00edva ako vzor pre z\u00e1vod cam , ktor\u00fd spolo\u010dnos\u0165 stavia v Kanade.<\/p>\n
V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je hlavnou surovinou vstupuj\u00facou do z\u00e1vodu v Nyse l\u00edtium, ktor\u00e9 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou poch\u00e1dza z ban\u00ed v \u010cile a Austr\u00e1lii. Po testoch sa zmie\u0161a s r\u00f4znymi kombin\u00e1ciami niklu, mang\u00e1nu a kobaltu a potom sa var\u00ed v obrovsk\u00fdch peciach. Potom sa preoseje, vy\u010dist\u00ed a odo\u0161le v\u00fdrobcom bat\u00e9ri\u00ed na v\u00fdrobu takzvan\u00fdch bat\u00e9riov\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nkov nmc. Presn\u00e9 met\u00f3dy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v Nyse s\u00fa zlo\u017eit\u00e9 a vysoko patentovan\u00e9. N\u00e1v\u0161tevn\u00edci a zamestnanci s\u00fa zbaven\u00ed svojich telef\u00f3nov spolu s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi predmetmi vr\u00e1tane \u0161perkov.<\/p>\n
V\u00fdrobcovia bat\u00e9ri\u00ed nan\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa cam na kovov\u00fa f\u00f3liu, aby vytvorili kat\u00f3dy. Ke\u010f sa bat\u00e9ria nabije, elektr\u00f3ny sa oddelia z at\u00f3mov l\u00edtia na kat\u00f3de, \u010d\u00edm sa vytvoria nabit\u00e9 \u010dastice naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 i\u00f3ny. I\u00f3ny migruj\u00fa cez kvapaln\u00fd elektrolyt k druhej elektr\u00f3de naz\u00fdvanej an\u00f3da, ktor\u00e1 je \u010dasto vyroben\u00e1 z uhl\u00edka. Elektr\u00f3ny, ktor\u00fdm separa\u010dn\u00fd materi\u00e1l br\u00e1ni prejs\u0165 touto cestou, namiesto toho cestuj\u00fa pozd\u013a\u017e vodi\u010dov nab\u00edjacieho obvodu k an\u00f3de, kde sa znova spoja s i\u00f3nmi a ulo\u017eia sa. Ke\u010f sa bat\u00e9ria vybije, proces sa obr\u00e1ti a nap\u00e1ja zariadenia ako elektromotor.<\/p>\n
V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina automobiliek sa sna\u017e\u00ed kobalt pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 menej, pr\u00edpadne ho \u00faplne eliminova\u0165. Nielen\u017ee je drah\u00fd, toxick\u00fd a vz\u00e1cny, ale \u0165a\u017eba kobaltu je spojen\u00e1 so zneu\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm pracovnej sily v Kon\u017eskej demokratickej republike, ktor\u00e1 je jeho prim\u00e1rnym zdrojom. Z tohto d\u00f4vodu Umicore pou\u017e\u00edva monitorovac\u00ed proces na vyl\u00fa\u010denie neetick\u00fdch prakt\u00edk. Tak\u00e1to sledovate\u013enos\u0165 sa st\u00e1va \u010doraz d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou, v neposlednom rade v e\u00fa, kde sa od febru\u00e1ra 2027 bud\u00fa pre elektromobily vy\u017eadova\u0165 \u201epasy na bat\u00e9rie\u201c. Tieto bud\u00fa podrobne uv\u00e1dza\u0165 zdroj a povahu materi\u00e1lov pou\u017eit\u00fdch pri ich v\u00fdrobe.<\/p>\n
Lacnej\u0161ia alternat\u00edva k \u010dl\u00e1nkom nmc vyu\u017e\u00edva fosfore\u010dnan l\u00edtny a \u017eelezit\u00fd ( lfp ). Tie sa zaob\u00eddu bez kobaltu a niklu, ale maj\u00fa ni\u017e\u0161iu energetick\u00fa hustotu. Pri niektor\u00fdch pou\u017eitiach to nemus\u00ed by\u0165 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9. V \u010c\u00edne s\u00fa vozidl\u00e1 s pohonom lfp ob\u013e\u00faben\u00e9 u mestsk\u00fdch motoristov, ktor\u00ed cestuj\u00fa na krat\u0161ie vzdialenosti. Niektor\u00e9 Tesly \u0161tandardn\u00e9ho rozsahu tie\u017e pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa lfp \u010dl\u00e1nky.<\/p>\n
\u010eal\u0161ou alternat\u00edvou l\u00edtia je sod\u00edk, ktor\u00fd napriek tomu, \u017ee je \u0165a\u017e\u0161\u00ed, je lacn\u00fd a \u013eahko sa z\u00edskava<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
. Sod\u00edkov\u00e9 bat\u00e9rie m\u00f4\u017eu pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 kat\u00f3dy vyroben\u00e9 z relat\u00edvne lacn\u00fdch kovov, ako je mang\u00e1n a \u017eelezo, ale aj tieto maj\u00fa ni\u017e\u0161iu \u00farove\u0148 v\u00fdkonu ako \u010dl\u00e1nky nmc . Viacer\u00ed v\u00fdrobcovia bat\u00e9ri\u00ed vr\u00e1tane \u010d\u00ednskeho catl , najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ieho na svete, u\u017e zria\u010fuj\u00fa v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 linky na sod\u00edkov\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky. id TechEx, spolo\u010dnos\u0165 analytikov, si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee by mohli by\u0165 o 20-30% lacnej\u0161ie ako Li-ion bat\u00e9rie. Jedn\u00fdm z potenci\u00e1lne obrovsk\u00fdch trhov je ukladanie obnovite\u013enej energie do siete, kde je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 hmotnos\u0165 men\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mom.<\/p>\n
Z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa zlep\u0161uj\u00fa aj l\u00edtium-i\u00f3nov\u00e9 bat\u00e9rie. Na obzore s\u00fa v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 verzie, ktor\u00e9 sa zaob\u00eddu bez tekut\u00e9ho elektrolytu. Vyv\u00edja ich okrem in\u00e9ho Toyota. Bud\u00fa men\u0161ie a \u013eah\u0161ie, \u010d\u00edm sa zdvojn\u00e1sob\u00ed dojazd existuj\u00facich ev a skr\u00e1tia sa \u010dasy nab\u00edjania na nieko\u013eko min\u00fat. Spo\u010diatku bud\u00fa drah\u00e9 a pravdepodobne sa objavia v luxusn\u00fdch a \u0161portov\u00fdch modeloch. Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Umicore za\u010dala vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 bat\u00e9rie v \u00fa\u010delovom prototypovom centre v belgickom Olen na testovanie vo vozidl\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n
St\u00e1le prich\u00e1dza viac ch\u00e9mie bat\u00e9ri\u00ed. Umicore sk\u00fama drx ( neusporiadan\u00e1 kamenn\u00e1 so\u013e), ktor\u00e1 sa t\u00fdka kry\u0161talickej \u0161trukt\u00fary, ktor\u00e1 by mohla poskytn\u00fa\u0165 l\u00edtium-i\u00f3nov\u00fdm bunk\u00e1m hustotu energie, ktor\u00e1 zodpoved\u00e1 kobaltu a niklu, ale s \u013eah\u0161ie dostupn\u00fdmi materi\u00e1lmi, ako je mang\u00e1n a tit\u00e1n. Gerbrand Ceder a jeho kolegovia z Kalifornskej univerzity v Berkeley predpokladaj\u00fa, \u017ee bat\u00e9rie drx by mohli by\u0165 komer\u010dne dostupn\u00e9 do piatich rokov.<\/p>\n
Napriek nejednotn\u00e9mu spomaleniu predaja elektrick\u00fdch vozidiel dopyt po materi\u00e1loch pre bat\u00e9rie rastie. Z\u00e1vod v Nyse, ktor\u00fd bol otvoren\u00fd v septembri 2022, sa u\u017e roz\u0161iruje a ved\u013ea neho sa stavia druh\u00fd z\u00e1vod v spolo\u010dnom podniku so spolo\u010dnos\u0165ou PowerCo, ktor\u00e1 sp\u00e1ja aktivity v oblasti bat\u00e9ri\u00ed koncernu Volkswagen. Spolu maj\u00fa tieto dve elektr\u00e1rne potenci\u00e1l produkova\u0165 viac ako 200 gwh kat\u00f3dov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu ro\u010dne, \u010do je dos\u0165 na pribli\u017ene 3 mili\u00f3ny evs.<\/p>\n
Na druhej strane bat\u00e9rie, an\u00f3dy tie\u017e za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa vidie\u0165 viac inov\u00e1ci\u00ed. Group14 Technologies, spolo\u010dnos\u0165 so s\u00eddlom ne\u010faleko Seattlu, za\u010dala vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 an\u00f3dov\u00fd materi\u00e1l vyroben\u00fd z kompozitu krem\u00edka a uhl\u00edka. Typicky s\u00fa an\u00f3dy vyroben\u00e9 z grafitu. Krem\u00edk, ktor\u00e9ho je dostatok a je lacn\u00fd, m\u00f4\u017ee teoreticky absorbova\u0165 desa\u0165kr\u00e1t viac l\u00edtiov\u00fdch i\u00f3nov ako grafit. Pri tom v\u0161ak m\u00f4\u017ee krem\u00edk napu\u010da\u0165 na troj- a\u017e \u0161tvorn\u00e1sobok svojej ve\u013ekosti, \u010do by sp\u00f4sobilo, \u017ee bat\u00e9rie, ktor\u00e9 ich pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa, sa po\u0161kodia. <\/p>\n
Kompozit skupiny 14 obsahuje expanziu, preto\u017ee obsahuje krem\u00edk v \u201ele\u0161en\u00ed\u201c vyrobenom z uhl\u00edkov\u00fdch nano\u010dast\u00edc, vysvet\u013euje Grant Ray, ved\u00faci strat\u00e9gie firmy. To umo\u017en\u00ed an\u00f3de z krem\u00edkov\u00e9ho kompozitu zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 hustotu energie bat\u00e9rie a\u017e o 50 %. Ke\u010f spolo\u010dnos\u0165 zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161uje v\u00fdrobu, prv\u00e9 bat\u00e9rie vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00face silik\u00f3nov\u00e9 an\u00f3dy bud\u00fa ma\u0165 pravdepodobne vysokov\u00fdkonn\u00e9 aplik\u00e1cie \u2013 Porsche, nemeck\u00fd v\u00fdrobca \u0161portov\u00fdch \u00e1ut, je jedn\u00fdm z podporovate\u013eov firmy.<\/p>\n
To, ako sa presne vyvin\u00fa v\u0161etky tieto konkuren\u010dn\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie bat\u00e9ri\u00ed, bude z\u00e1visie\u0165 od cien materi\u00e1lov. Rast\u00face pou\u017e\u00edvanie lacnej\u0161\u00edch l\u00e1tok, ako je sod\u00edk, by mohlo zmierni\u0165 tlak na dod\u00e1vky l\u00edtia, niklu a kobaltu. Rovnako aj recykl\u00e1cia, preto\u017ee \u010doraz v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie mno\u017estvo materi\u00e1lov bat\u00e9ri\u00ed bude poch\u00e1dza\u0165 z rast\u00faceho po\u010dtu elektrick\u00fdch vozidiel, ktor\u00e9 sa dostan\u00fa na koniec cesty. <\/p>\n
Vybra\u0165 v\u00ed\u0165azov bude naozaj \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9. Rovnako ako tov\u00e1re\u0148 v Nyse, aj odvetvie v\u00fdroby bat\u00e9ri\u00ed potrebuje v\u0161etku flexibilitu, ktor\u00fa m\u00f4\u017ee z\u00edska\u0165. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
L\u00edtium-i\u00f3nov\u00e9 (Li-ion) bat\u00e9rie, ktor\u00e9 poh\u00e1\u0148aj\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu ev , s\u00fa ich jedin\u00fdm najdrah\u0161\u00edm komponentom, ktor\u00fd zvy\u010dajne predstavuje pribli\u017ene 40 % ceny nov\u00e9ho vozidla. Materi\u00e1ly, z ktor\u00fdch s\u00fa tieto bat\u00e9rie vyroben\u00e9, ur\u010duj\u00fa ich v\u00fdkon, a preto pom\u00e1haj\u00fa ur\u010di\u0165, ako \u010faleko m\u00f4\u017ee ev prejs\u0165 na jedno nabitie, ako r\u00fdchlo dok\u00e1\u017ee \u00eds\u0165 a ako dlho vydr\u017e\u00ed jeho bat\u00e9ria. Najkritickej\u0161ou […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29715","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exo-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29715","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29715"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29715\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29716,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29715\/revisions\/29716"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29715"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29715"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29715"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}