{"id":30393,"date":"2025-02-23T16:24:38","date_gmt":"2025-02-23T16:24:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/?p=30393"},"modified":"2025-02-23T16:24:38","modified_gmt":"2025-02-23T16:24:38","slug":"preco-je-v-rusku-tazba-litia-draha","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/preco-je-v-rusku-tazba-litia-draha\/","title":{"rendered":"Pre\u010do je v rusku \u0165a\u017eba l\u00edtia drah\u00e1?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pre\u010do je v vo vraj sebesta\u010dnom rusku \u0165a\u017eba l\u00edtia drah\u00e1? Historicky Rusko l\u00edtium neprodukovalo v v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00e1ch, preto\u017ee dovoz z kraj\u00edn ako \u010cile, Argent\u00edna, \u010c\u00edna a Bol\u00edvia bol lacnej\u0161\u00ed. Napr\u00edklad v roku 2021 bola ro\u010dn\u00e1 spotreba l\u00edtia v Rusku odhadnut\u00e1 na pribli\u017ene 700 ton, no takmer v\u0161etko bolo dovezen\u00e9<\/strong>. Po zaveden\u00ed sankci\u00ed v roku 2022, ktor\u00e9 obmedzili dovoz z \u010cile a Argent\u00edny, sa situ\u00e1cia zmenila. Rusko za\u010dalo pl\u00e1nova\u0165 rozvoj vlastnej produkcie, aby pokrylo dom\u00e1ci dopyt a zn\u00ed\u017eilo z\u00e1vislos\u0165 od importu.<\/p>\n

V rusku \u0165a\u017eba l\u00edtia drah\u00e1, sankcie funguj\u00fa<\/h1>\n

\u0164a\u017eba l\u00edtia v Rusku je drah\u00e1 z viacer\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov, ktor\u00e9 vypl\u00fdvaj\u00fa z geografick\u00fdch, technologick\u00fdch, ekonomick\u00fdch a logistick\u00fdch faktorov. <\/p>\n

Geografick\u00e9 a klimatick\u00e9 podmienky<\/p>\n

V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina lo\u017e\u00edsk l\u00edtia v Rusku sa nach\u00e1dza v od\u013eahl\u00fdch oblastiach Sib\u00edri a Arkt\u00eddy, ako napr\u00edklad Kolmozersk\u00e9 lo\u017eisko v Murmanskej oblasti alebo Zavitinsk\u00e9 lo\u017eisko v Zabajkalskom kraji. Tieto regi\u00f3ny maj\u00fa extr\u00e9mne podnebie \u2013 dlh\u00e9 a tuh\u00e9 zimy s teplotami klesaj\u00facimi pod -40 \u00b0C, \u010do s\u0165a\u017euje \u0165a\u017ebu a spracovanie. Infra\u0161trukt\u00fara je slab\u00e1, \u010dasto ch\u00fdbaj\u00fa cesty, \u017eeleznice \u010di energetick\u00e9 siete, \u010do zvy\u0161uje n\u00e1klady na v\u00fdstavbu a prev\u00e1dzku.<\/p>\n

Typ lo\u017e\u00edsk<\/p>\n

Na rozdiel od kraj\u00edn ako \u010cile \u010di Austr\u00e1lia, kde sa l\u00edtium \u0165a\u017e\u00ed z lacn\u00fdch zdrojov \u2013 soln\u00fdch jazier (sal\u00e1rov) alebo pegmatitov\u00fdch horn\u00edn s vysokou koncentr\u00e1ciou \u2013 rusk\u00e9 lo\u017eisk\u00e1 s\u00fa preva\u017ene komplexn\u00e9. Napr\u00edklad Kolmozersk\u00e9 lo\u017eisko obsahuje l\u00edtium v spodumene (tvrd\u00e1 hornina), \u010do vy\u017eaduje n\u00e1ro\u010dnej\u0161ie drvenie, chemick\u00e9 spracovanie a vy\u0161\u0161iu spotrebu energie. \u010eal\u0161ie zdroje, ako podzemn\u00e9 vody v Kovyktskom lo\u017eisku, s\u00fa menej koncentrovan\u00e9 a ich separ\u00e1cia je technologicky zlo\u017eit\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Nedostatok technol\u00f3gi\u00ed a know-how<\/p>\n

Rusko historicky nemalo rozvinut\u00fd priemysel na \u0165a\u017ebu l\u00edtia, preto\u017ee sa spoliehalo na dovoz. Ch\u00fdba mu modern\u00e1 technol\u00f3gia na efekt\u00edvne spracovanie l\u00edtia, ktor\u00fa maj\u00fa krajiny ako \u010c\u00edna \u010di Austr\u00e1lia. Napr\u00edklad separ\u00e1cia l\u00edtia z podzemn\u00fdch v\u00f4d (ako v Irkutskej oblasti) si vy\u017eaduje pokro\u010dil\u00e9 membr\u00e1nov\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie, ktor\u00e9 Rusko zatia\u013e dov\u00e1\u017ea, \u010do zvy\u0161uje n\u00e1klady. Dom\u00e1ce firmy ako Rosatom, za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa vyv\u00edja\u0165 vlastn\u00e9 met\u00f3dy, ale st\u00e1le zaost\u00e1vaj\u00fa za glob\u00e1lnymi l\u00eddrami.<\/p>\n

Vysok\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na energiu a logistiku<\/p>\n

\u0164a\u017eba a spracovanie l\u00edtia s\u00fa energeticky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 procesy, a hoci Rusko m\u00e1 lacn\u00fd plyn, doprava paliva do od\u013eahl\u00fdch oblast\u00ed je drah\u00e1. Logistika je \u010fal\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mom \u2013 vy\u0165a\u017een\u00e9 suroviny treba dopravi\u0165 stovky \u010di tis\u00edce kilometrov na spracovanie alebo export, \u010dasto cez nedostato\u010dn\u00fa infra\u0161trukt\u00faru. Napr\u00edklad Kolmozersk\u00e9 lo\u017eisko je vzdialen\u00e9 od hlavn\u00fdch priemyseln\u00fdch centier, \u010do predra\u017euje cel\u00fd re\u0165azec.<\/p>\n

Sankcie a obmedzen\u00fd pr\u00edstup k invest\u00edci\u00e1m<\/p>\n

Od roku 2014, a najm\u00e4 po 2022, z\u00e1padn\u00e9 sankcie obmedzili Rusku pr\u00edstup k zahrani\u010dn\u00fdm technol\u00f3gi\u00e1m, kapit\u00e1lu a trhom. Firmy ako Nornickel \u010di Rosatom musia financova\u0165 projekty z dom\u00e1cich zdrojov, kde s\u00fa \u00faroky vy\u0161\u0161ie a invest\u00edcie rizikovej\u0161ie. To zvy\u0161uje celkov\u00e9 n\u00e1klady v porovnan\u00ed s krajinami, kde s\u00fa podmienky priaznivej\u0161ie.<\/p>\n

Konkurencia lacnej\u0161ieho dovozu (historicky)<\/p>\n

Pred sankciami bolo pre Rusko v\u00fdhodnej\u0161ie dov\u00e1\u017ea\u0165 l\u00edtium z \u010cile (kde stoj\u00ed tona uhli\u010ditanu l\u00edtneho okolo 10 000 USD) ne\u017e investova\u0165 do vlastnej drahej produkcie. Tento pr\u00edstup oddialil rozvoj dom\u00e1cich kapac\u00edt a teraz, ke\u010f dovoz kles\u00e1, Rusko mus\u00ed doh\u00e1\u0148a\u0165 zame\u0161kan\u00e9 za vysok\u00fa cenu.<\/p>\n

Kolmozersk\u00e9 lo\u017eisko m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l produkova\u0165 45 000 ton ekvivalentu uhli\u010ditanu l\u00edtneho ro\u010dne, ale po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e9 invest\u00edcie sa odhaduj\u00fa na 50 mili\u00e1rd rub\u013eov (pribli\u017ene 500 mili\u00f3nov USD), plus \u010fal\u0161ie n\u00e1klady na infra\u0161trukt\u00faru. <\/p>\n

V Austr\u00e1lii, kde s\u00fa lo\u017eisk\u00e1 dostupnej\u0161ie a technol\u00f3gie pokro\u010dilej\u0161ie, s\u00fa n\u00e1klady na tonu l\u00edtia ove\u013ea ni\u017e\u0161ie \u2013 okolo 5 000\u20137 000 USD. Rusk\u00e9 projekty tak \u010delia nev\u00fdhode v efektivite a n\u00e1vratnosti.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pre\u010do je v vo vraj sebesta\u010dnom rusku \u0165a\u017eba l\u00edtia drah\u00e1? Historicky Rusko l\u00edtium neprodukovalo v v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00e1ch, preto\u017ee dovoz z kraj\u00edn ako \u010cile, Argent\u00edna, \u010c\u00edna a Bol\u00edvia bol lacnej\u0161\u00ed. Napr\u00edklad v roku 2021 bola ro\u010dn\u00e1 spotreba l\u00edtia v Rusku odhadnut\u00e1 na pribli\u017ene 700 ton, no takmer v\u0161etko bolo dovezen\u00e9. Po zaveden\u00ed sankci\u00ed v roku 2022, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30393","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exo-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30393","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30393"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30393\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30394,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30393\/revisions\/30394"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30393"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30393"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30393"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}