{"id":30440,"date":"2025-03-09T20:14:24","date_gmt":"2025-03-09T20:14:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/?p=30440"},"modified":"2025-03-09T21:14:11","modified_gmt":"2025-03-09T21:14:11","slug":"indiani-kmena-kiowa-historia-kultura-a-zivot-v-premenach-casu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/indiani-kmena-kiowa-historia-kultura-a-zivot-v-premenach-casu\/","title":{"rendered":"Indi\u00e1ni kme\u0148a Kiowa: Hist\u00f3ria, kult\u00fara a \u017eivot v premen\u00e1ch \u010dasu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Indi\u00e1ni Kiowa s\u00fa jedn\u00fdm z p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov Severnej Ameriky, ktor\u00fdch hist\u00f3ria a kult\u00fara s\u00fa hlboko sp\u00e4t\u00e9 s pr\u00e9riami Ve\u013ek\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u00ed. Tento kme\u0148, p\u00f4vodne nom\u00e1dsky, pre\u0161iel dramatick\u00fdmi zmenami od \u010dias slobodn\u00e9ho lovu biz\u00f3nov a\u017e po n\u00faten\u00fa asimil\u00e1ciu a modern\u00fd \u017eivot v 20. a 21. storo\u010d\u00ed. Ich pr\u00edbeh, ako ho zachyt\u00e1vaj\u00fa aj diela ako Stories from Saddle Mountain: Autobiographies of a Kiowa Family, je svedectvom o odolnosti, prisp\u00f4sobivosti a zachovan\u00ed identity v tv\u00e1ri koloni\u00e1lnej expanzie a kult\u00farnych otrasov. <\/p>\n

Indi\u00e1ni kme\u0148a Kiowa: Hist\u00f3ria, kult\u00fara a \u017eivot v premen\u00e1ch \u010dasu<\/h1>\n

Nejak\u00ed prorusk\u00ed Trumpovci v m\u00e9di\u00e1ch za\u010dali hovori\u0165 o z\u00e1kaze hovori\u0165 rodn\u00fdm jazykom. Tak aby to mlad\u00ed vedeli \u010do za\u010d s\u00fa t\u00ed jeho USA Trumpovci, lebo knihy nikto ne\u010d\u00edta a nevedia o USA absol\u00fatne ni\u010d. Robia to rusi ukrajincom a ameri\u010dania indi\u00e1nom.<\/p>\n

Kiowa, ktor\u00fdch meno v ich jazyku znie Ka’igwu (\u201eHlavn\u00ed \u013eudia\u201c), poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z oblasti dne\u0161n\u00e9ho z\u00e1padn\u00e9ho Montany a severov\u00fdchodn\u00e9ho Idaha, kde \u017eili v bl\u00edzkosti Skalist\u00fdch h\u00f4r pred 17. storo\u010d\u00edm. Pod\u013ea ich vlastn\u00fdch \u00fastnych trad\u00edci\u00ed sa narodili z hory \u2013 konkr\u00e9tne z Devil\u2019s Tower vo Wyomingu, ktor\u00e1 je posv\u00e4tn\u00fdm miestom viacer\u00fdch kme\u0148ov. Archeologick\u00e9 a historick\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee okolo roku 1650 za\u010dali migrova\u0165 na juh a v\u00fdchod, pravdepodobne pod tlakom in\u00fdch kme\u0148ov, ako boli Lakotiovia, a kv\u00f4li h\u013eadaniu nov\u00fdch lov\u00edsk.<\/p>\n

Do 18. storo\u010dia sa usadili na Ve\u013ek\u00fdch planiach, v oblastiach dne\u0161nej Nebrasky, Colorada a Kansasu. Tu sa stali typick\u00fdm nom\u00e1dskym kme\u0148om pr\u00e9ri\u00ed, z\u00e1visl\u00fdm od biz\u00f3nov, ktor\u00e9 lovili na ko\u0148och. Z\u00edskanie kon\u00ed od \u0160panielov cez obchod s kme\u0148mi ako Koman\u010di v\u00fdrazne zmenilo ich \u017eivot \u2013 stali sa zru\u010dn\u00fdmi jazdcami a bojovn\u00edkmi, \u010do im prinieslo poves\u0165 neohrozen\u00fdch lovcov a obrancov svojho \u00fazemia.<\/p>\n

Kiowa boli lovci a zbera\u010di, ktor\u00fdch \u017eivot sa to\u010dil okolo biz\u00f3nov \u2013 zdroja m\u00e4sa, ko\u017ee na t\u00edp\u00ed, kost\u00ed na n\u00e1stroje a \u0161liach na \u0161itie. \u017dili v ko\u017een\u00fdch t\u00edp\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 r\u00fdchlo rozlo\u017ei\u0165 a prenies\u0165, \u010do im umo\u017e\u0148ovalo sledova\u0165 st\u00e1da. Ich spolo\u010dnos\u0165 bola organizovan\u00e1 do rodov\u00fdch skup\u00edn (bands), z ktor\u00fdch ka\u017ed\u00e1 mala vlastn\u00e9ho vodcu, hoci v \u010dase vojny alebo ve\u013ek\u00fdch lovov sa sp\u00e1jali pod siln\u00fdmi n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edkmi.<\/p>\n

Jazyk: Kiowa hovoria jazykom z kiowa-tanoanskej rodiny, ktor\u00fd je jedine\u010dn\u00fd a nes\u00favis\u00ed s jazykmi susedn\u00fdch kme\u0148ov ako Koman\u010dov \u010di Apa\u010dov. Dnes je ohrozen\u00fd \u2013 pod\u013ea Ethnologue (2023) ho ovl\u00e1da menej ako 20 \u013eud\u00ed ako materinsk\u00fd jazyk.<\/p>\n

Umenie: Kiowa s\u00fa zn\u00e1mi pre svoje v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 umenie, najm\u00e4 ma\u013eby na ko\u017eiach (ledger art), kde zachyt\u00e1vali sc\u00e9ny z lovu, vojen a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch obradov. Po pres\u00eddlen\u00ed do rezerv\u00e1ci\u00ed v 19. storo\u010d\u00ed za\u010dali pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 papier z \u00fa\u010dtovn\u00fdch kn\u00edh (ledger), \u010d\u00edm vytvorili unik\u00e1tny \u0161t\u00fdl.<\/p>\n

Spolo\u010densk\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara: Mu\u017ei boli lovcami a bojovn\u00edkmi, \u017eeny spracov\u00e1vali ko\u017ee, starali sa o deti a zbierali rastliny. Vojensk\u00e9 spolky, ako Koitsenko (\u201eSkuto\u010dn\u00e9 psy\u201c), boli elitou bojovn\u00edkov a str\u00e1\u017eili t\u00e1bor.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo a trad\u00edcie<\/p>\n

Kiowa mali bohat\u00fa duchovn\u00fa trad\u00edciu, ktor\u00e1 sp\u00e1jala animizmus s uctievan\u00edm pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch s\u00edl. Verili v najvy\u0161\u0161iu bytos\u0165 S\u00e9ndeh (alebo Tay-kee), stvorite\u013ea sveta, a v duchov \u017eij\u00facich v pr\u00edrode \u2013 slnku, vetre, riekach. Ich najposv\u00e4tnej\u0161\u00edm obradom bol Tanec slnka (Sun Dance), ktor\u00fd sa konal raz ro\u010dne na jar alebo v lete. Tento ritu\u00e1l zah\u0155\u0148al p\u00f4st, tanec a obetu (napr. prepichnutie ko\u017ee), aby si vyprosili po\u017eehnanie pre kme\u0148. Centrom obradu bol posv\u00e4tn\u00fd predmet \u2013 Tai-me, mal\u00e1 so\u0161ka zo zelenej ko\u017ee, ktor\u00fa str\u00e1\u017eila vybran\u00e1 rodina a pren\u00e1\u0161ala sa z gener\u00e1cie na gener\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n

Po pr\u00edchode mision\u00e1rov a \u00fapadku biz\u00f3nov v 19. storo\u010d\u00ed sa mnoh\u00ed Kiowa obr\u00e1tili na kres\u0165anstvo, najm\u00e4 baptistick\u00fa vieru, ako ukazuje kniha Stories from Saddle Mountain. Henrietta Apayyat opisuje viano\u010dn\u00e9 t\u00e1bory pri kostole Saddle Mountain, kde sa mie\u0161ali kres\u0165ansk\u00e9 sviatky s kiowsk\u00fdmi trad\u00edciami. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm prvkom bolo pou\u017e\u00edvanie peyotu \u2013 kaktusu s halucinog\u00e9nnymi \u00fa\u010dinkami \u2013 v r\u00e1mci Native American Church, ktor\u00e1 vznikla koncom 19. storo\u010dia ako odpove\u010f na kult\u00farnu stratu.<\/p>\n

V 19. storo\u010d\u00ed sa Kiowa ocitli v strede expanzie USA na z\u00e1pad. Ich \u00fazemie bolo ohrozen\u00e9 osadn\u00edkmi a arm\u00e1dou, \u010do viedlo k s\u00e9rii konfliktov:<\/p>\n

Aliancia s Koman\u010dmi: V roku 1790 uzavreli mier s Koman\u010dmi, \u010d\u00edm vytvorili siln\u00fa koal\u00edciu proti nepriate\u013eom \u2013 Osagom, Pawnee a nesk\u00f4r Ameri\u010danom. T\u00e1to aliancia im dala v\u00fdhodu v pr\u00e9rijn\u00fdch vojn\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Vojny na planiach: Kiowa bojovali proti USA v tzv. Indi\u00e1nskych vojn\u00e1ch, najm\u00e4 po roku 1850, ke\u010f osadn\u00edci nar\u00fa\u0161ali ich lovisk\u00e1. \u00datoky na karavany a farmy viedli k odvet\u00e1m \u2013 napr\u00edklad masaker pri Sand Creek (1864) zasiahol aj ich spojencov \u010cejenov.<\/p>\n

Dohoda z Medicine Lodge (1867): Kiowa, pod veden\u00edm n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edkov ako Satanta a Lone Wolf, podp\u00edsali zmluvu, ktor\u00e1 ich prin\u00fatila pres\u0165ahova\u0165 sa do rezerv\u00e1cie v Oklahome. Zmluva s\u013eubovala jedlo a ochranu, no vl\u00e1da USA ju nedodr\u017eala, \u010do viedlo k \u010fal\u0161\u00edm povstaniam (napr. Vojna na Red River, 1874\u20131875).<\/p>\n

Koniec slobody: Po vyhuben\u00ed biz\u00f3nov (1870\u20131880) a por\u00e1\u017eke v posledn\u00fdch bojoch boli Kiowa internovan\u00ed v pevnostiach a ich vodcovia uv\u00e4znen\u00ed. V roku 1875 bolo ich slobodn\u00e9 ko\u010dovanie definit\u00edvne ukon\u010den\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u017divot v rezerv\u00e1cii a modern\u00e1 doba<\/p>\n

V rezerv\u00e1cii v Oklahome (dnes Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation) \u010delili Kiowa n\u00fatenej asimil\u00e1cii. Deti posielali do intern\u00e1tnych \u0161k\u00f4l, ako Riverside Indian School, kde im zakazovali hovori\u0165 rodn\u00fdm jazykom a udr\u017eiava\u0165 trad\u00edcie.<\/em> Napriek tomu si zachovali kult\u00faru cez umenie, rozpr\u00e1vanie pr\u00edbehov a obrady. Autobiografie Henrietty Apayyat a Raymonda Tongkeamhu v Stories from Saddle Mountain ukazuj\u00fa, ako rodina pre\u0161la od \u017eivota bez elektriny k modern\u00fdm technol\u00f3gi\u00e1m, pri\u010dom si udr\u017eala kiowsk\u00fa identitu \u2013 napr. cez peyotov\u00e9 stretnutia a komunitn\u00e9 t\u00e1bory.<\/p>\n

Dnes \u017eije asi 12 000 Kiowa (pod\u013ea s\u010d\u00edtania z 2010), v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou v Oklahome. Kme\u0148 m\u00e1 vlastn\u00fa samospr\u00e1vu \u2013 Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma \u2013 so s\u00eddlom v Carnegie.
\n\"Indi\u00e1ni
\nBojuj\u00fa s ekonomick\u00fdmi probl\u00e9mami (chudoba, nezamestnanos\u0165), ale revitalizuj\u00fa jazyk a trad\u00edcie cez \u0161koly a festivaly, ako Kiowa Powwow.<\/p>\n

Kiowa s\u00fa kme\u0148 z Ve\u013ek\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u00ed s bohatou hist\u00f3riou lovcov biz\u00f3nov a bojovn\u00edkov. Od migr\u00e1cie zo Skalist\u00fdch h\u00f4r po n\u00faten\u00fd presun do Oklahomy pre\u0161li vojnami, stratou slobody a asimil\u00e1ciou. Ich kult\u00fara \u2013 Tanec slnka, Tai-me, ledger art \u2013 pre\u017eila v\u010faka odolnosti. Kniha Stories from Saddle Mountain ukazuje ich \u017eivot v 20. storo\u010d\u00ed \u2013 od trad\u00edci\u00ed po moderniz\u00e1ciu. Dnes si Kiowa ctia dedi\u010dstvo a h\u013eadaj\u00fa cestu v 21. storo\u010di.<\/p>\n

\n

Kardin\u00e1lnou chybou v\u0161etk\u00fdch bielych ameri\u010danov pris\u0165ahovalcov je vt\u013akanie falo\u0161n\u00e9ho kres\u0165anstva indi\u00e1nom. Tak zabudn\u00fa na svoju hist\u00f3riu.<\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea najnov\u0161ieho vydania Ethnologue, datab\u00e1zy o svetov\u00fdch jazykoch, je kiowsk\u00fd jazyk klasifikovan\u00fd ako \u201etakmer vyhynut\u00fd\u201c (nearly extinct, stupe\u0148 8b na EGIDS \u0161k\u00e1le). Uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee v roku 2023 ho plynule ovl\u00e1da menej ako 20 \u013eud\u00ed, v\u0161etci star\u0161\u00ed (nad 70 rokov), a nie s\u00fa \u017eiadni nov\u00ed hovoriaci. Toto \u010d\u00edslo sa odhaduje na z\u00e1klade spr\u00e1v od lingvistov a kiowskej komunity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Indi\u00e1ni Kiowa s\u00fa jedn\u00fdm z p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov Severnej Ameriky, ktor\u00fdch hist\u00f3ria a kult\u00fara s\u00fa hlboko sp\u00e4t\u00e9 s pr\u00e9riami Ve\u013ek\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u00ed. Tento kme\u0148, p\u00f4vodne nom\u00e1dsky, pre\u0161iel dramatick\u00fdmi zmenami od \u010dias slobodn\u00e9ho lovu biz\u00f3nov a\u017e po n\u00faten\u00fa asimil\u00e1ciu a modern\u00fd \u017eivot v 20. a 21. storo\u010d\u00ed. Ich pr\u00edbeh, ako ho zachyt\u00e1vaj\u00fa aj diela ako Stories from Saddle […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30440","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-historia-anatolij-fomenko"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30440","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30440"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30440\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30452,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30440\/revisions\/30452"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30440"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30440"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30440"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}