{"id":31553,"date":"2026-03-22T19:56:35","date_gmt":"2026-03-22T19:56:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/?p=31553"},"modified":"2026-03-22T19:59:28","modified_gmt":"2026-03-22T19:59:28","slug":"ukrajina-offshory-firmy-a-peniaze","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/ukrajina-offshory-firmy-a-peniaze\/","title":{"rendered":"Ukrajina: offshory, firmy a peniaze"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ukrajina: offshory, firmy a peniaze \u2013 ako fungovali sch\u00e9my v \u00e9re Deripa\u0161ku<\/h1>\n

Ak chceme pochopi\u0165 re\u00e1lny vplyv kapit\u00e1lu na Ukrajine pred rokom 2014, nesta\u010d\u00ed sledova\u0165 politikov. Skuto\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edbeh je ukryt\u00fd vo firm\u00e1ch, offshore \u0161trukt\u00farach a finan\u010dn\u00fdch tokoch. Deripa\u0161ka, Manafort a \u010fal\u0161\u00ed neboli v\u00fdnimka. Boli s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 syst\u00e9mu. A ten syst\u00e9m fungoval presne tak, ako bol nastaven\u00fd.<\/p>\n

1. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e1 sch\u00e9ma: ako sa pres\u00favala hodnota<\/h2>\n

Typick\u00fd model vyzeral takto:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. strategick\u00fd podnik na Ukrajine<\/li>\n
  2. vlastn\u00edk cez zahrani\u010dn\u00fa firmu (Cyprus, Britsk\u00e9 Panensk\u00e9 ostrovy)<\/li>\n
  3. zisky presunut\u00e9 cez \u201eslu\u017eby\u201c, p\u00f4\u017ei\u010dky alebo ceny komod\u00edt<\/li>\n
  4. kone\u010dn\u00fd profit mimo Ukrajiny<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Leg\u00e1lne? \u010casto \u00e1no. Transparentn\u00e9? Takmer nikdy.<\/p>\n

    2. Cyprus: hlavn\u00fd uzol<\/h2>\n

    Cyprus bol k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd pre postsovietsky kapit\u00e1l.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • n\u00edzke dane<\/li>\n
    • zmluvy o zamedzen\u00ed dvojit\u00e9ho zdanenia<\/li>\n
    • anonymita vlastn\u00edctva<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Mnoh\u00e9 ukrajinsk\u00e9 podniky mali \u201evlastn\u00edka\u201c na Cypre \u2013 ktor\u00fd bol len medzi\u010dl\u00e1nkom.<\/p>\n

      3. Rusal a \u0161trukt\u00fara vlastn\u00edctva<\/h2>\n

      Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Rusal, spojen\u00e1 s Deripa\u0161kom, fungovala cez komplexn\u00fa sie\u0165:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • holdingov\u00e9 firmy<\/li>\n
      • dc\u00e9rske spolo\u010dnosti<\/li>\n
      • zahrani\u010dn\u00e9 entity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        To umo\u017e\u0148ovalo:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • optimalizova\u0165 dane<\/li>\n
        • pres\u00fava\u0165 zisky<\/li>\n
        • minimalizova\u0165 riziko<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          4. Manafort a \u201einvesti\u010dn\u00e9 projekty\u201c<\/h2>\n

          Paul Manafort nebol len poradca. V niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch p\u00f4sobil ako sprostredkovate\u013e invest\u00edci\u00ed.<\/p>\n

          Mechanizmus:<\/h3>\n
            \n
          • vytvorenie investi\u010dn\u00e9ho projektu (napr. fond)<\/li>\n
          • z\u00edskanie kapit\u00e1lu (napr. od Deripa\u0161ku)<\/li>\n
          • presun cez viacer\u00e9 firmy<\/li>\n
          • nejasn\u00fd v\u00fdsledok alebo strata<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Niektor\u00e9 projekty skon\u010dili sporom o desiatky mili\u00f3nov dol\u00e1rov.<\/p>\n

            5. \u201eConsulting fees\u201c a PR kontrakty<\/h2>\n

            Ve\u013ek\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 pe\u0148az\u00ed tiekla cez poradensk\u00e9 slu\u017eby:<\/p>\n

              \n
            • PR kampane<\/li>\n
            • politick\u00e9 poradenstvo<\/li>\n
            • \u201estrategick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy\u201c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Probl\u00e9m:<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \u0165a\u017eko merate\u013en\u00e1 hodnota<\/li>\n
              • \u013eahko nadhodnoten\u00e1 cena<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Ide\u00e1lny n\u00e1stroj na presun pe\u0148az\u00ed.<\/p>\n

                6. P\u00f4\u017ei\u010dky medzi firmami<\/h2>\n

                \u010eal\u0161ia \u010dast\u00e1 sch\u00e9ma:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • offshore firma poskytne p\u00f4\u017ei\u010dku ukrajinskej firme<\/li>\n
                • firma spl\u00e1ca \u00faroky<\/li>\n
                • zisk odch\u00e1dza do zahrani\u010dia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Form\u00e1lne leg\u00e1lne. Re\u00e1lne odliv kapit\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n

                  7. Komoditn\u00e9 ceny a manipul\u00e1cia<\/h2>\n

                  Pri priemysle (napr. hlin\u00edk) sa vyu\u017e\u00edvala aj cenov\u00e1 politika:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • predaj pod trhov\u00fa cenu \u201espriaznenej firme\u201c<\/li>\n
                  • zisk realizovan\u00fd inde<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    V\u00fdsledok:<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • ukrajinsk\u00fd podnik vykazuje stratu<\/li>\n
                    • zisk vznik\u00e1 v offshore firme<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      8. Men\u00e1 a prostredie<\/h2>\n

                      Okrem Deripa\u0161ku a Manaforta sa v tom istom syst\u00e9me pohybovali aj \u010fal\u0161\u00ed:<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • ukrajinsk\u00ed oligarchovia (Achmetov, Firtash, Kolomojskyj)<\/li>\n
                      • region\u00e1lne finan\u010dn\u00e9 skupiny<\/li>\n
                      • zahrani\u010dn\u00ed investori<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        Ne\u0161lo o jednu sie\u0165. Ale o paraleln\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9 fungovali podobne.<\/p>\n

                        9. Pre\u010do to fungovalo<\/h2>\n
                          \n
                        • slab\u00e9 in\u0161tit\u00facie<\/li>\n
                        • prepojenie politiky a biznisu<\/li>\n
                        • n\u00edzka transparentnos\u0165<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          To vytv\u00e1ralo prostredie, kde boli tak\u00e9to sch\u00e9my nielen mo\u017en\u00e9, ale be\u017en\u00e9. Sch\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9 fungovali na Ukrajine, neboli v\u00fdnimo\u010dn\u00e9. S\u00fa typick\u00e9 pre prostredia, kde sa stret\u00e1va slab\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1t a siln\u00fd kapit\u00e1l.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          Ukrajina: offshory, firmy a peniaze \u2013 ako fungovali sch\u00e9my v \u00e9re Deripa\u0161ku Ak chceme pochopi\u0165 re\u00e1lny vplyv kapit\u00e1lu na Ukrajine pred rokom 2014, nesta\u010d\u00ed sledova\u0165 politikov. Skuto\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edbeh je ukryt\u00fd vo firm\u00e1ch, offshore \u0161trukt\u00farach a finan\u010dn\u00fdch tokoch. Deripa\u0161ka, Manafort a \u010fal\u0161\u00ed neboli v\u00fdnimka. Boli s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 syst\u00e9mu. A ten syst\u00e9m fungoval presne tak, ako bol nastaven\u00fd. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31553","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exo-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31553","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31553"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31553\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31556,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31553\/revisions\/31556"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31553"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31553"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31553"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}