{"id":31754,"date":"2026-04-05T18:08:42","date_gmt":"2026-04-05T18:08:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/?p=31754"},"modified":"2026-04-05T18:08:42","modified_gmt":"2026-04-05T18:08:42","slug":"hladanie-cesty-do-azie-objavy-ambicie-a-krvave-expedicie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/hladanie-cesty-do-azie-objavy-ambicie-a-krvave-expedicie\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u013eadanie cesty do \u00c1zie: objavy, amb\u00edcie a krvav\u00e9 exped\u00edcie"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u013eadanie cesty do \u00c1zie: objavy, amb\u00edcie a krvav\u00e9 exped\u00edcie<\/h1>\n

Ke\u010f Kri\u0161tof Kolumbus dorazil k nov\u00fdm brehom, bol presved\u010den\u00fd, \u017ee objavil okraj \u00c1zie. Tento n\u00e1zor zdie\u013eala v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina Eur\u00f3py. Ak by to bola pravda, musel existova\u0165 prieliv, ktor\u00fd by odde\u013eoval nov\u00fa tropick\u00fa pevninu od zn\u00e1meho \u00e1zijsk\u00e9ho sveta. Ak v\u0161ak tieto krajiny tvorili \u00faplne nov\u00fd kontinent, potom sa za nimi muselo nach\u00e1dza\u0165 more ved\u00face ku Korenist\u00fdm ostrovom.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1ve h\u013eadanie takejto cesty sa stalo hlavn\u00fdm cie\u013eom mnoh\u00fdch exped\u00edci\u00ed. V priebehu \u0161estn\u00e1steho storo\u010dia sa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina pobre\u017eia Severnej aj Ju\u017enej Ameriky postupne presk\u00famala pr\u00e1ve v snahe n\u00e1js\u0165 t\u00fato vyt\u00fa\u017een\u00fa trasu.<\/p>\n

Exped\u00edcia Pinz\u00f3na a Sol\u00edsa<\/h2>\n

Kr\u00e1tko po smrti kr\u00e1\u013eovnej Izabely sa jej n\u00e1stupca rozhodol pokra\u010dova\u0165 v objavite\u013eskej politike. V roku 1506 bola napl\u00e1novan\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00e1 v\u00fdprava s cie\u013eom n\u00e1js\u0165 Korenist\u00e9 ostrovy. Veden\u00edm bol poveren\u00fd sk\u00fasen\u00fd moreplavec Vicente Ya\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n, ktor\u00e9ho sprev\u00e1dzali Juan D\u00edaz de Sol\u00eds a Pedro de Ledesma.<\/p>\n

Exped\u00edcia vypl\u00e1vala a\u017e v roku 1508. Najprv sa plavili pozd\u013a\u017e ju\u017en\u00e9ho pobre\u017eia Kuby a potvrdili, \u017ee ide o ostrov. N\u00e1sledne pre\u0161li Mexick\u00fdm z\u00e1livom a pokra\u010dovali a\u017e k Hondurask\u00e9mu z\u00e1livu, kde sa predt\u00fdm dostal Kolumbus.<\/p>\n

Odtia\u013e sa plavili pozd\u013a\u017e pobre\u017eia Strednej a Ju\u017enej Ameriky st\u00e1le ju\u017enej\u0161ie, a\u017e dosiahli oblasti pribli\u017ene na \u00farovni \u0161tyridsiateho stup\u0148a ju\u017enej \u0161\u00edrky. T\u00e1to plavba patrila medzi najdlh\u0161ie a najodv\u00e1\u017enej\u0161ie vtedaj\u0161ie exped\u00edcie v americk\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Zakladanie prv\u00fdch kol\u00f3ni\u00ed<\/h2>\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00ed krok v pozn\u00e1van\u00ed Nov\u00e9ho sveta predstavovalo zakladanie st\u00e1lych os\u00e1d. Tieto podniky financovali jednotlivci na vlastn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady, pri\u010dom medzi najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch patrili Alonso de Hojeda a Diego de Nicuesa.<\/p>\n

Hojeda z\u00edskal \u00fazemie nazvan\u00e9 Nov\u00e1 Andal\u00fazia, zatia\u013e \u010do Nicuesovi pripadla oblas\u0165 Panamskej \u0161ije a pobre\u017eia zn\u00e1me ako Castilla del Oro. Obe oblasti mali prinies\u0165 bohatstvo, no realita bola ove\u013ea krutej\u0161ia.<\/p>\n

Hojedova katastrofa<\/h2>\n

Hojeda vyrazil v roku 1509 so \u0161tyrmi lo\u010fami a nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi stovkami mu\u017eov. Medzi jeho spolo\u010dn\u00edkmi bol aj sk\u00fasen\u00fd kartograf Juan de la Cosa a mlad\u00fd dobrodruh Francisco Pizarro.<\/p>\n

Po prist\u00e1t\u00ed na pobre\u017e\u00ed dne\u0161nej Kolumbie sa Hojeda okam\u017eite pustil do konfliktu s miestnymi obyvate\u013emi. Jeho cie\u013eom bolo z\u00edska\u0165 otrokov, ktor\u00fdch by predal, aby pokryl n\u00e1klady exped\u00edcie. Tento \u00fatok sa v\u0161ak skon\u010dil katastrofou. Domorodci pou\u017eili otr\u00e1ven\u00e9 \u0161\u00edpy a zabili desiatky \u0160panielov vr\u00e1tane de la Cosu.<\/p>\n

Hojeda bol n\u00faten\u00fd ust\u00fapi\u0165 a zalo\u017eil pevnos\u0165 San Sebasti\u00e1n. Ani t\u00e1 ho v\u0161ak nezachr\u00e1nila. S\u00e1m bol zranen\u00fd a jeho v\u00fdprava sa r\u00fdchlo rozpadala. Zo stoviek mu\u017eov pre\u017eilo len nieko\u013eko desiatok a Hojeda sa nakoniec vr\u00e1til do Santo Dominga, kde zomrel v chudobe a bez sl\u00e1vy.<\/p>\n

Nicuesova trag\u00e9dia<\/h2>\n

Nicuesa vyrazil s e\u0161te v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou silou, no jeho osud bol podobn\u00fd. Po dlhom h\u013eadan\u00ed vhodn\u00e9ho miesta zalo\u017eil osadu Nombre de Dios. Drsn\u00e9 podmienky, choroby a nedostatok potrav\u00edn v\u0161ak r\u00fdchlo zni\u010dili jeho kol\u00f3niu.<\/p>\n

Ke\u010f sa dozvedel o \u00faspe\u0161nej\u0161ej osade v Dariene, o\u010dak\u00e1val, \u017ee nad \u0148ou prevezme kontrolu. Kolonisti v\u0161ak odmietli jeho autoritu. Nicuesa bol don\u00faten\u00fd odpl\u00e1va\u0165 sp\u00e4\u0165 do \u0160panielska v z\u00fabo\u017eenom stave a jeho \u010fal\u0161\u00ed osud zost\u00e1va nezn\u00e1my.<\/p>\n

Balboa a objav Tich\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu<\/h2>\n

Po p\u00e1de Hojedovej kol\u00f3nie sa do popredia dostal Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa. Tento mu\u017e sa p\u00f4vodne na v\u00fdpravu dostal ukryt\u00fd v sude, aby unikol svojim verite\u013eom. Postupne sa v\u0161ak stal vodcom osadn\u00edkov.<\/p>\n

Balboa si z\u00edskal podporu miestnych n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edkov kombin\u00e1ciou diplomacie a sily. Po\u010das jednej v\u00fdpravy sa dozvedel o ve\u013ekom mori za horami a o krajin\u00e1ch bohat\u00fdch na zlato.<\/p>\n

V roku 1513 sa rozhodol podnikn\u00fa\u0165 riskantn\u00fa v\u00fdpravu cez Panamsk\u00fa \u0161iju. Spolu s nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi stovkami mu\u017eov pre\u0161iel hust\u00fdmi tropick\u00fdmi lesmi, mo\u010diarami a horsk\u00fdmi p\u00e1smami.<\/p>\n

Po takmer troch t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148och n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9ho pochodu dosiahol vrchol, odkia\u013e ako prv\u00fd Eur\u00f3pan uvidel Tich\u00fd oce\u00e1n. Tento okamih bol jedn\u00fdm z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch objavov tej doby. O nieko\u013eko dn\u00ed nesk\u00f4r vst\u00fapil do v\u00f4d z\u00e1livu San Miguel a symbolicky si n\u00e1rokoval nov\u00e9 more pre \u0160panielsko.<\/p>\n

R\u00fdchly p\u00e1d ve\u013ek\u00e9ho objavite\u013ea<\/h2>\n

Napriek svojmu \u00faspechu Balboa nez\u00edskal trval\u00fa sl\u00e1vu. Nov\u00fd guvern\u00e9r Pedrarias D\u00e1vila ho pova\u017eoval za hrozbu a nechal ho popravi\u0165. Balboova kari\u00e9ra tak skon\u010dila sk\u00f4r, ne\u017e sa mohla naplno rozvin\u00fa\u0165.<\/p>\n

Jeho objav v\u0161ak vyvolal obrovsk\u00fd z\u00e1ujem v Eur\u00f3pe. \u0160panielska koruna okam\u017eite pl\u00e1novala \u010fal\u0161ie exped\u00edcie, ktor\u00e9 mali presk\u00fama\u0165 nov\u00e9 more a n\u00e1js\u0165 cestu k \u00c1zii.<\/p>\n

Posledn\u00e1 n\u00e1dej: v\u00fdprava Sol\u00edsa<\/h2>\n

Jedn\u00fdm z \u010fal\u0161\u00edch pokusov bola exped\u00edcia Juana D\u00edaza de Sol\u00edsa. Ten dostal poverenie presk\u00fama\u0165 ju\u017en\u00e9 pobre\u017eie a n\u00e1js\u0165 prieliv ved\u00faci k oce\u00e1nu za Amerikou.<\/p>\n

Po\u010das plavby objavil \u0161irok\u00e9 \u00fastie rieky, ktor\u00fa nazval Mar Dulce. Ke\u010f sa v\u0161ak vylodil na brehu, jeho skupina bola napadnut\u00e1 domorodcami a brut\u00e1lne zabit\u00e1. Pre\u017eiv\u0161\u00ed sa v strachu vr\u00e1tili sp\u00e4\u0165 do Eur\u00f3py.<\/p>\n

Portugalsk\u00fd n\u00e1skok<\/h2>\n

K\u00fdm \u0160panieli h\u013eadali z\u00e1padn\u00fa cestu, Portugalci dosiahli svoj cie\u013e z opa\u010dnej strany. U\u017e v roku 1509 dorazili do Malacky, centra obchodu s koreninami. O nieko\u013eko rokov nesk\u00f4r ovl\u00e1dli aj samotn\u00e9 Korenist\u00e9 ostrovy.<\/p>\n

T\u00fdm z\u00edskali kontrolu nad jedn\u00fdm z najcennej\u0161\u00edch obchodov na svete. \u0160panielske snahy tak do\u010dasne zaostali, hoci ich objavy polo\u017eili z\u00e1klady bud\u00faceho glob\u00e1lneho poznania.<\/p>\n

Cesta pln\u00e1 omylov a krvi<\/h2>\n

H\u013eadanie cesty do \u00c1zie bolo sprev\u00e1dzan\u00e9 omylmi, n\u00e1sil\u00edm a obrovsk\u00fdmi stratami. Objavitelia sa vyd\u00e1vali na cesty s ve\u013ek\u00fdmi n\u00e1dejami, no \u010dasto nach\u00e1dzali len utrpenie a smr\u0165. Napriek tomu ich exped\u00edcie z\u00e1sadne zmenili poh\u013ead na svet a otvorili nov\u00fa kapitolu dej\u00edn.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u013eadanie cesty do \u00c1zie: objavy, amb\u00edcie a krvav\u00e9 exped\u00edcie Ke\u010f Kri\u0161tof Kolumbus dorazil k nov\u00fdm brehom, bol presved\u010den\u00fd, \u017ee objavil okraj \u00c1zie. Tento n\u00e1zor zdie\u013eala v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina Eur\u00f3py. Ak by to bola pravda, musel existova\u0165 prieliv, ktor\u00fd by odde\u013eoval nov\u00fa tropick\u00fa pevninu od zn\u00e1meho \u00e1zijsk\u00e9ho sveta. Ak v\u0161ak tieto krajiny tvorili \u00faplne nov\u00fd kontinent, potom sa […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31754","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-historia-anatolij-fomenko"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31754","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31754"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31754\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31755,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31754\/revisions\/31755"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31754"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31754"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31754"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}