Valcov\u00e1 pe\u010da\u0165 z hematitu objaven\u00e1 v Ischali v regi\u00f3ne Diyala na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00e9ho Iraku poch\u00e1dza z obdobia pribli\u017ene 2000 a\u017e 1600 pred n. l. T\u00e1to doba zodpoved\u00e1 Isinsko-larsk\u00e9mu a starobabylonsk\u00e9mu obdobiu, ke\u010f sa v Mezopot\u00e1mii mie\u0161ali sumersk\u00e9, akkadsk\u00e9 a amoritsk\u00e9 kult\u00farne prvky. Pe\u010da\u0165 zobrazuje dramatick\u00fa sc\u00e9nu, v ktorej d\u00e9monick\u00e9 bytosti \u00fato\u010dia na k\u013ea\u010diacu \u013eudsk\u00fa postavu. Tak\u00e9to artefakty sl\u00fa\u017eili ako osobn\u00e9 pe\u010diatky na overovanie dokumentov a z\u00e1rove\u0148 ako ochrann\u00e9 predmety proti zl\u00fdm sil\u00e1m.<\/p>\n
Hematit bol v tomto obdob\u00ed ob\u013e\u00faben\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom v\u010faka svojej tvrdosti a tmav\u00e9mu leskl\u00e9mu vzh\u013eadu. Valcov\u00e9 pe\u010date umo\u017e\u0148ovali vytla\u010di\u0165 s\u00favisl\u00fd obrazec na hlinenej tabulke jednoduch\u00fdm rolovan\u00edm. Sc\u00e9na na pe\u010dati z Ischali patr\u00ed medzi typick\u00e9 mot\u00edvy starobabylonskej glyptiky. Jej majite\u013e ju pravdepodobne nosil ako amulet na ochranu pred nevidite\u013en\u00fdmi hrozbami.<\/p>\n
Galovia, zn\u00e1mi aj ako galla, predstavovali v sumerskej a akkadskej mytol\u00f3gii d\u00e9monov podsvetia. Tieto bytosti plnili \u00falohu ak\u00fdchsi vym\u00e1ha\u010dov du\u0161\u00ed, ktor\u00ed odv\u00e1dzali m\u0155tvych do r\u00ed\u0161e bohyni Ereshkigal. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie sa spom\u00ednaj\u00fa v s\u00favislosti s m\u00fdtom o pastierskom bo\u017estve Dumuzim, ktor\u00e9ho Galovia zajali a odvliekli do podsvetia. Ich podobu charakterizuj\u00fa hybridn\u00e9 prvky \u2013 levia hlava kombinovan\u00e1 s vt\u00e1\u010d\u00edmi nohami a paz\u00farmi.<\/p>\n
Galovia neboli \u010disto zl\u00ed, ale plnili nevyhnutn\u00fa funkciu v kozmickom poriadku. Lietali nad nebom i zemou a chytali du\u0161e t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed zomreli n\u00e1silnou smr\u0165ou alebo bez riadneho pohrebn\u00e9ho ritu\u00e1lu. Na pe\u010dati z Ischali vid\u00edme pr\u00e1ve tak\u00e9to levohlav\u00e9 d\u00e9mony s roztvoren\u00fdmi \u00fastami a zdvihnut\u00fdmi rukami. Ich \u00fatok na k\u013ea\u010diacu postavu symbolizuje moment prechodu z \u017eivota do podsvetia.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Sc\u00e9na na hematitovej pe\u010dati zobrazuje k\u013ea\u010diacu \u013eudsk\u00fa postavu s pozdvihnutou rukou v geste prosby alebo obrany. Okolo nej \u00fato\u010dia dve alebo viac d\u00e9monick\u00fdch bytost\u00ed s lev\u00edmi hlavami a vt\u00e1\u010d\u00edmi nohami. \u010eal\u0161ia mu\u017esk\u00e1 postava dr\u017e\u00ed zakriven\u00fd me\u010d a palice, \u010do nazna\u010duje str\u00e1\u017ecu alebo \u010fal\u0161ieho d\u00e9mona podsvetia. Cel\u00e1 kompoz\u00edcia je dynamick\u00e1 a pln\u00e1 nap\u00e4tia, typick\u00e1 pre starobabylonsk\u00e9 umenie.<\/p>\n
Tento mot\u00edv sa opakuje na viacer\u00fdch pe\u010datiach z Diyala regi\u00f3nu. Levohlav\u00fd d\u00e9mon \u010dasto dr\u017e\u00ed obe\u0165 za nohy hore nohami, \u010do vyjadruje \u00fapln\u00e9 ovl\u00e1dnutie du\u0161e. Vt\u00e1\u010die prvky galov odkazuj\u00fa na spojenie so smr\u0165ou a prechodom medzi svetmi. Pe\u010da\u0165 tak pravdepodobne sl\u00fa\u017eila ako vizu\u00e1lne pripomenutie nebezpe\u010denstva, ktor\u00e9 \u010d\u00edha po smrti.<\/p>\n
Obdobie Isin-Larsa nasledovalo po p\u00e1de Ur III. dynastie a bolo pozna\u010den\u00e9 rivalitou medzi mestsk\u00fdmi \u0161t\u00e1tmi Isin a Larsa. Nesk\u00f4r nast\u00fapila starobabylonsk\u00e1 dynastia amoritsk\u00fdch kr\u00e1\u013eov, vr\u00e1tane sl\u00e1vneho Hammurabiho. V tomto \u010dase sa intenz\u00edvne rozv\u00edjala mytol\u00f3gia a ritu\u00e1ly proti d\u00e9monom. \u013dudia verili, \u017ee choroby, ne\u0161\u0165astia i zl\u00e1 smr\u0165 s\u00fa dielom bytost\u00ed ako udug, ala alebo pr\u00e1ve galla.<\/p>\n
Proti d\u00e9monom sa pou\u017e\u00edvali magick\u00e9 zakl\u00ednadl\u00e1, amulety a exorcizmy. Ischali, starovek\u00e9 Nerebtum, bolo v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm administrat\u00edvnym a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm centrom v regi\u00f3ne Diyala. Tu sa na\u0161lo mno\u017estvo tabuliek aj pe\u010dat\u00ed venovan\u00fdch do chr\u00e1mov ako vot\u00edvne dary. Pe\u010da\u0165 s \u00fatokom Galov pravdepodobne sl\u00fa\u017eila jej majite\u013eovi ako ochrana v nebezpe\u010dnom svete plnom nevidite\u013en\u00fdch s\u00edl.<\/p>\n
Predstava galov pre\u017eila v r\u00f4znych podob\u00e1ch aj v neskor\u0161\u00edch kult\u00farach Bl\u00edzkeho v\u00fdchodu. Ovplyvnili neskor\u0161ie predstavy o diabloch a zl\u00fdch duchoch v \u017eidovsko-kres\u0165anskej trad\u00edcii. V akkadsk\u00fdch textoch sa opisuj\u00fa ako bytosti nes\u00face sie\u0165 na chytanie obet\u00ed. Ich existencia bola s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u0161ir\u0161ieho syst\u00e9mu viery v podsvetie a kozmick\u00fd poriadok.<\/p>\n
Dnes sa podobn\u00e9 hematitov\u00e9 pe\u010date nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v m\u00faze\u00e1ch po celom svete. Umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa n\u00e1m nahliadnu\u0165 do mysle \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed pred viac ako \u0161tyritis\u00edc rokmi \u017eili v strachu z d\u00e9monov. \u00datok Galov na pe\u010dati z Ischali zost\u00e1va siln\u00fdm vizu\u00e1lnym svedectvom o tom, ako star\u00ed Mezopot\u00e1mci ch\u00e1pali hranicu medzi \u017eivotom a smr\u0165ou. Tento artefakt n\u00e1m pripom\u00edna bohatos\u0165 a temnotu starovekej mezopot\u00e1mskej mytol\u00f3gie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Valcov\u00e1 pe\u010da\u0165 z hematitu objaven\u00e1 v Ischali v regi\u00f3ne Diyala na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00e9ho Iraku poch\u00e1dza z obdobia pribli\u017ene 2000 a\u017e 1600 pred n. l. T\u00e1to doba zodpoved\u00e1 Isinsko-larsk\u00e9mu a starobabylonsk\u00e9mu obdobiu, ke\u010f sa v Mezopot\u00e1mii mie\u0161ali sumersk\u00e9, akkadsk\u00e9 a amoritsk\u00e9 kult\u00farne prvky. Pe\u010da\u0165 zobrazuje dramatick\u00fa sc\u00e9nu, v ktorej d\u00e9monick\u00e9 bytosti \u00fato\u010dia na k\u013ea\u010diacu \u013eudsk\u00fa postavu. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32002","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-anunnaki"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32002","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32002"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32002\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32005,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32002\/revisions\/32005"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32002"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32002"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32002"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}