V slovenskom trestnom pr\u00e1ve plat\u00ed z\u00e1sada, \u017ee **pokus trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu je trestn\u00fd pod\u013ea rovnakej trestnej sadzby ako dokonan\u00fd trestn\u00fd \u010din**. T\u00e1to \u00faprava \u010dasto vyvol\u00e1va verejn\u00e9 diskusie a ot\u00e1zky o spravodlivosti a primeranosti trestov. T\u00e1to z\u00e1sada nie je novinkou posledn\u00fdch rokov. U\u017e **Trestn\u00fd z\u00e1kon \u010d. 140\/1961 Zb.** (star\u00fd trestn\u00fd z\u00e1kon z \u010dias \u010cSSR) v \u00a7 12 ods. 2 ustanovoval, \u017ee pokus je trestn\u00fd pod\u013ea trestnej sadzby ustanovenej na dokonan\u00fd trestn\u00fd \u010din.<\/p>\n
\u00c1no, pravidlo, pod\u013ea ktor\u00e9ho je **pokus trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu trestan\u00fd rovnakou trestnou sadzbou ako dokonan\u00fd \u010din**, je klasick\u00fd **komunistick\u00fd pre\u017eitok**. Vzniklo v \u00e9re, ke\u010f bol cel\u00fd majetok vyhl\u00e1sen\u00fd za \u201e\u013eudov\u00fd\u201c a rozkr\u00e1danie socialistick\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edctva sa pova\u017eovalo za \u00fatok proti samotn\u00e9mu re\u017eimu. Re\u017eim chcel \u013eud\u00ed zastra\u0161i\u0165 u\u017e v \u0161t\u00e1diu pokusu \u2013 aby sa b\u00e1li siahnu\u0165 na \u201espolo\u010dn\u00fd majetok\u201c.<\/p>\n
T\u00e1to z\u00e1sada bola zakotven\u00e1 v **Trestnom z\u00e1kone \u010d. 140\/1961 Zb.** v \u00a7 12 ods. 2: \u201ePokus je trestn\u00fd pod\u013ea trestnej sadzby ustanovenej za dokonan\u00fd trestn\u00fd \u010din.\u201c Cie\u013e bol jasn\u00fd \u2013 maxim\u00e1lna ochrana \u0161t\u00e1tneho a dru\u017estevn\u00e9ho majetku. V socialistickom pr\u00e1vnom myslen\u00ed bol \u00famysel p\u00e1chate\u013ea \u201erozkr\u00e1da\u0165 spolo\u010dn\u00fd majetok\u201c rovnako nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd ako samotn\u00e9 dokonanie \u010dinu.<\/p>\n
Toto pravidlo pre\u017eilo aj po roku 1989 a bolo mechanicky prevzat\u00e9 do s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9ho **Trestn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona \u010d. 300\/2005 Z. z.** v \u00a7 14 ods. 2:<\/p>\n
\u201ePokus trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu je trestn\u00fd pod\u013ea trestnej sadzby ustanovenej na dokonan\u00fd trestn\u00fd \u010din.\u201c<\/p>\n
Defin\u00edcia pokusu je uveden\u00e1 v \u00a7 14 ods. 1:<\/p>\n
\u201ePokus trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu je konanie, ktor\u00e9 bezprostredne smeruje k dokonaniu trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu, ktor\u00e9ho sa p\u00e1chate\u013e dopustil v \u00famysle sp\u00e1cha\u0165 trestn\u00fd \u010din, ak k dokonaniu trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu nedo\u0161lo.\u201c<\/p>\n
Aj ke\u010f s\u00fad m\u00f4\u017ee trest individualizova\u0165 v r\u00e1mci sadzby, horn\u00e1 hranica zost\u00e1va rovnak\u00e1 ako pri dokonanom \u010dine. To je v praxi ve\u013emi tvrd\u00e9, najm\u00e4 pri ekonomick\u00fdch trestn\u00fdch \u010dinoch.<\/p>\n
Najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edm pr\u00edpadom je kauza fal\u0161ovania zmeniek TV Mark\u00edza. Marian Ko\u010dner a Pavol Rusko sa pok\u00fasili vym\u00f4c\u0165 takmer 69 mili\u00f3nov eur prostredn\u00edctvom sfal\u0161ovan\u00fdch zmeniek.<\/p>\n
Hoci sa im podvod nepodarilo dokon\u010di\u0165 a Mark\u00edza peniaze nevyplatila, boli ods\u00faden\u00ed na **19 rokov od\u0148atia slobody** pod\u013ea sadzby za dokonan\u00fd obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd podvod. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Tento pr\u00edpad jasne ukazuje, ako m\u00f4\u017ee komunistick\u00fd pre\u017eitok vies\u0165 k neprimerane tvrd\u00fdm trestom, ke\u010f re\u00e1lna \u0161koda nevznikla.<\/p>\n
Ako to maj\u00fa v in\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch E\u00da?<\/h2>\n
Na rozdiel od Slovenska mnoh\u00e9 krajiny Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie pristupuj\u00fa k pokusu miernej\u0161ie. V Nemecku (\u00a7 23 StGB) a Rak\u00fasku je pokus trestn\u00fd, ale s\u00fady maj\u00fa \u0161ir\u0161iu mo\u017enos\u0165 v\u00fdrazne zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 trest. V anglosaskom pr\u00e1vnom syst\u00e9me (ktor\u00fd ovplyv\u0148uje aj niektor\u00e9 eur\u00f3pske krajiny) sa pokus trest\u00e1 spravidla podstatne ni\u017e\u0161ie ako dokonan\u00fd \u010din.<\/p>\n
Slovensko (spolu s \u010ceskom a niektor\u00fdmi postkomunistick\u00fdmi \u0161t\u00e1tmi) patr\u00ed medzi krajiny s najpr\u00edsnej\u0161\u00edm pr\u00edstupom. Aj ke\u010f sme \u010dlenmi E\u00da u\u017e vy\u0161e 20 rokov, v tejto oblasti st\u00e1le dr\u017e\u00edme socialistick\u00fa trad\u00edciu \u2013 vysok\u00e9 trestn\u00e9 sadzby a minim\u00e1lnu flexibilitu. <\/p>\n
E\u00da harmonizuje ur\u010dit\u00e9 oblasti trestn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va (napr. korupciu, terorizmus, pranie \u0161pinav\u00fdch pe\u0148az\u00ed), ale z\u00e1kladn\u00fd princ\u00edp posudzovania pokusu versus dokonan\u00e9ho \u010dinu ponech\u00e1va na \u010dlensk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch. Slovensko si tak m\u00f4\u017ee dovoli\u0165 zosta\u0165 pri tomto rigidnom a zastaranom modeli.<\/p>\n
Pravidlo rovnakej trestnej sadzby za pokus a dokonan\u00fd \u010din je **typick\u00fd komunistick\u00fd pre\u017eitok**, ktor\u00fd vznikol na ochranu socialistick\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edctva. Po 35 rokoch od Ne\u017enej revol\u00facie a vy\u0161e 20 rokoch v Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanii je najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u010das t\u00fato anachronick\u00fa \u00fapravu prehodnoti\u0165. <\/p>\n
V modernom pr\u00e1vnom \u0161t\u00e1te by mal by\u0165 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed rozdiel medzi pokusom (kedy \u0161koda re\u00e1lne nevznikla) a dokonan\u00fdm \u010dinom. S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fd stav podporuje pr\u00edsnos\u0165 na \u00fakor spravodlivosti a proportionality trestov.<\/p>\n
Je na\u010dase, aby sa slovensk\u00e9 trestn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo kone\u010dne zbavilo socialistick\u00fdch reliktov a pribl\u00ed\u017eilo sa k miernej\u0161\u00edm a flexibilnej\u0161\u00edm modelom, ak\u00e9 funguj\u00fa v z\u00e1padnej Eur\u00f3pe.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
V slovenskom trestnom pr\u00e1ve plat\u00ed z\u00e1sada, \u017ee **pokus trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu je trestn\u00fd pod\u013ea rovnakej trestnej sadzby ako dokonan\u00fd trestn\u00fd \u010din**. T\u00e1to \u00faprava \u010dasto vyvol\u00e1va verejn\u00e9 diskusie a ot\u00e1zky o spravodlivosti a primeranosti trestov. T\u00e1to z\u00e1sada nie je novinkou posledn\u00fdch rokov. U\u017e **Trestn\u00fd z\u00e1kon \u010d. 140\/1961 Zb.** (star\u00fd trestn\u00fd z\u00e1kon z \u010dias \u010cSSR) v \u00a7 12 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32027","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exo-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32027","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32027"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32027\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32030,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32027\/revisions\/32030"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32027"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32027"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32027"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}