{"id":920,"date":"2020-02-25T19:54:13","date_gmt":"2020-02-25T19:54:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/?p=920"},"modified":"2020-02-25T19:54:13","modified_gmt":"2020-02-25T19:54:13","slug":"sacsayhuaman-pevnost-inkov-letecky-pohlad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/sacsayhuaman-pevnost-inkov-letecky-pohlad\/","title":{"rendered":"Sacsayhuaman  pevnos\u0165 Inkov, leteck\u00fd poh\u013ead"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Sacsayhuaman  pevnos\u0165 Inkov, leteck\u00fd poh\u013ead. Cusco, Peru. Zauj\u00edmav\u00fd leteck\u00fd poh\u013ead na komplex pevnosti a chr\u00e1mu Sacsayhuaman (Kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fd orol) ktor\u00fd le\u017e\u00ed na severnom okraji b\u00fdval\u00e9ho hlavn\u00e9ho mesta Inkov Cuzco. Ur\u010dite ste videli mno\u017estvo fotiek, ale poh\u013ead zvrchu d\u00e1va \u00faplne in\u00e9 scen\u00e9rie. Postaven\u00e9 za vl\u00e1dy Pachacutiho (1438-1471) a jeho n\u00e1stupcov. Jeho mohutn\u00e9, dobie postaven\u00e9 m\u00fary zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa dodnes svedectvom nielen pre moc Inkov, ale aj pre zru\u010dnosti architektov Inkov a ich pr\u00edstup harmonick\u00e9ho mie\u0161ania ich monument\u00e1lnych \u0161trukt\u00far k pr\u00edrodn\u00e1 krajina. Sacsayhuaman sa dodnes pou\u017e\u00edva na rekon\u0161trukciu inkovsk\u00fdch obradov. Stavba pevnosti bola najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou stavbou, ktor\u00fa postavili Inkovia. Bola postaven\u00e1 na vyv\u00fd\u0161enom skalnatom ostrohu smeruj\u00facom na severn\u00fa mo\u010darist\u00fa zem pred hlavn\u00fdm mestom Inkov v meste Cuzco.<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"cento\" src=\"\/image\/saqsaywaman-inca.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nN\u00e1lezy keramiky nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee miesto predt\u00fdm ob\u00fdvali obyvatelia Inkov. Za\u010dal sa za vl\u00e1dy ve\u013ek\u00e9ho inck\u00e9ho stavite\u013ea r\u00ed\u0161e Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui alebo jeho syna Thupu Inca Yupanqui v polovici 15. storo\u010dia. N\u00e1vrh bol prip\u00edsan\u00fd \u0161tyrom architektom: Huallpa Rimachimu, Maricanchi, Acahuana a Calle Cunchui. Prv\u00e9 stavby boli vyroben\u00e9 iba z bahna a hliny. N\u00e1sledn\u00ed vl\u00e1dcovia ich potom nahradili ve\u013ekolep\u00fdm kamenn\u00fdm kamenn\u00fdm dielom, ktor\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvalo ve\u013emi jemne rezan\u00e9 polygon\u00e1lne bloky, ve\u013ea vy\u0161\u0161ie ako 4 metre a hmotnos\u0165 viac ako 100 ton. Na dokon\u010denie tohto rozsiahleho projektu bolo navrhnut\u00fdch 20 000 robotn\u00edkov v r\u00e1mci dobre zaveden\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu Inkov.  Steny pevnosti boli postaven\u00e9 vo vertik\u00e1lnych \u00fasekoch, pravdepodobne za ka\u017ed\u00fa \u010das\u0165 bola zodpovedn\u00e1 jedna etnick\u00e1 pracovn\u00e1 skupina.<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Sacsayhuaman The magnificent Inca fortress, Cusco Peru.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MBC0up0Cv1M?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/>\n <br \/>\nInkovia boli majstrov kamen\u00edkov. Obrovsk\u00e9 bloky boli vy\u0165a\u017een\u00e9 a tvarovan\u00e9 iba pomocou tvrd\u0161\u00edch kame\u0148ov a bronzov\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov. Zna\u010dky na kamenn\u00fdch blokoch nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee boli v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou b\u00fa\u0161en\u00e9 do tvaru, sk\u00f4r ako rezan\u00e9. Bloky sa pohybovali pomocou l\u00e1n, kme\u0148ov, st\u013apov, p\u00e1k a zemn\u00fdch ramp (na niektor\u00fdch blokoch s\u00fa st\u00e1le vidite\u013en\u00e9 kontroln\u00e9 zna\u010dky) a na niektor\u00fdch kame\u0148och z nich st\u00e1le vy\u010dnievali uzly alebo priehlbiny, ktor\u00e9 sl\u00fa\u017eili na pomoc pracovn\u00edkom pri manipul\u00e1cii s kame\u0148om.<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"cento\" src=\"\/image\/sacsayhuaman-block.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><br \/>\nTo, \u017ee kamene boli v lomoch zhruba vytesan\u00e9 a potom znovu pracovali na ich kone\u010dnom mieste ur\u010denia, jasne ukazuj\u00fa nedokon\u010den\u00e9 pr\u00edklady, ktor\u00e9 zostali v lomoch a na r\u00f4znych tras\u00e1ch na stavenisk\u00e1. Jemn\u00e9 rezanie a ukladanie blokov na mieste bolo tak\u00e9 presn\u00e9, \u017ee malty nebolo potrebn\u00e9. Nakoniec bol hotov\u00fd povrch opatren\u00fd br\u00fasnymi kame\u0148mi a pieskom.<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"cento\" src=\"\/image\/saqsaywaman-citadel.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAk je te\u00f3ria, \u017ee cel\u00e9 Cuzco bolo usporiadan\u00e9 tak, aby pri poh\u013eade zhora bolo tvarovan\u00e9 ako puma, spr\u00e1vne, potom bol jeho hlavou Sacsayhuaman. Pevnos\u0165 m\u00e1 tri odli\u0161n\u00e9 terasy, ktor\u00e9 sa navz\u00e1jom ustupuj\u00fa dozadu. Steny, z ktor\u00fdch ka\u017ed\u00e1 dosahuje v\u00fd\u0161ku 18 metrov, s\u00fa usporiadan\u00e9 k\u013eukat\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom siahaj\u00face cez 540 metrov, tak\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 stena m\u00e1 a\u017e 40 segmentov, \u010do umo\u017enilo obhajcom chyti\u0165 \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkov v kr\u00ed\u017eovom ohni; v\u00fdsledok pomohlo aj celkov\u00e9 zakrivenie celej fas\u00e1dy pevnosti. Inck\u00ed architekti sa navy\u0161e ve\u013emi \u010dasto sna\u017eili harmonicky kombinova\u0165 svoje \u0161trukt\u00fary s okolitou pr\u00edrodnou krajinou a obrys Sacsayhuamanu bol podobne postaven\u00fd tak, aby napodob\u0148oval obrysy pohoria, ktor\u00e9 sa za n\u00edm t\u00fd\u010di. To je zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 zrejm\u00e9, ke\u010f slnko vytv\u00e1ra hlbok\u00e9 trojuholn\u00edkov\u00e9 tiene medzi k\u013eukat\u00fdmi terasami presne tak, ako to rob\u00ed na pohor\u00ed s jeho vrcholmi a \u00fadoliami.<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"cento\" src=\"\/image\/sacsayhuaman-precise.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nMet\u00f3da pou\u017eit\u00e1 na presn\u00e9 vyrovnanie tvaru kame\u0148a so susedn\u00fdmi kame\u0148mi bola predmetom mnoh\u00fdch \u0161pekul\u00e1ci\u00ed a deb\u00e1t. Medzi r\u00f4zne predlo\u017een\u00e9 te\u00f3rie patria: zm\u00e4k\u010dovanie kame\u0148a pomocou z\u00e1hadnej kvapaliny poch\u00e1dzaj\u00facej z rastliny, miner\u00e1lna dezagreg\u00e1cia od tepla generovan\u00e9ho ve\u013ek\u00fdmi slne\u010dn\u00fdmi zrkadlami a dokonca aj mimozemsk\u00fd z\u00e1sah.<br \/>\n<br \/>\nMedzi stenami prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa tr\u00e1vnat\u00e9 chodn\u00edky a s\u00fa preru\u0161ovan\u00e9 v intervaloch t\u00fd\u010diacimi sa kamenn\u00fdmi dverami. Nad stenami s\u00fa kruhov\u00e9 z\u00e1klady troch ve\u017e\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 tu raz st\u00e1li. \u013dahko sa c\u00edtite trpasl\u00edci stojaci ved\u013ea kame\u0148ov. Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00fd kame\u0148 stoj\u00ed 8,5 metrov. Najdlh\u0161ia z troch stien je vysok\u00e1 asi 400 metrov a je vysok\u00e1 6 metrov. Odhaduje sa, \u017ee hmotnos\u0165 jedn\u00e9ho balvanu sa pohybuje medzi 120 a\u017e 200 tonami.<br \/>\n<br \/>\nZr\u00facanina Sacsayhuaman predch\u00e1dza samotn\u00fdm Inkom, o ktor\u00fdch sa predpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee boli vybudovan\u00e9 Killkeho kult\u00farou, ktor\u00e1 obsadila tento regi\u00f3n medzi rokmi 900 a 1200 nl. Sacsayhuaman sa zvy\u010dajne ozna\u010duje ako pevnos\u0165, preto\u017ee je ohrani\u010den\u00fd tromi svahmi a je skon\u0161truovan\u00fd so zakazuj\u00facimi hradbami. Nov\u00e9 vy\u0161etrovanie v\u0161ak nazna\u010duje, \u017ee to mohol by\u0165 chr\u00e1m oddan\u00fd uctievaniu Slnka. Sacsayhuaman  pevnos\u0165 Inkov, leteck\u00fd poh\u013ead. Cusco.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Podobn\u00fdm \u0161t\u00fdlom je postaven\u00e1 dedina Ollantaytambo, ktor\u00e9 sa nach\u00e1dza vo vzdialenosti 60 km severoz\u00e1padne od mesta Cusco v provincii Urubamba, ktor\u00e1 je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou ju\u017en\u00e9ho Peru.<\/strong> P\u00f4vod mena m\u00e1 nieko\u013eko pr\u00edstupov. Pod\u013ea jazyka Aymara poch\u00e1dza Ollantaytambo zo slova ulla-nta-wi, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u201emiesto, kam sa d\u00edva\u0165 dole\u201c, sa tam prid\u00e1va slovo tambo. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"cento\" src=\"\/image\/ollantaytambo-galeria.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><br \/>\nV 15. storo\u010d\u00ed Inca Pachacutec a za\u010dal prestavova\u0165 mesto Ollantaytambo, budova\u0165 terasy pre po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo a zavla\u017eovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m. Tieto obrovsk\u00e9 terasy tvoria to, \u010do sa naz\u00fdva Pevnos\u0165 alebo Chr\u00e1mov\u00fd kopec. Mesto sa stalo domovom pre \u0161\u013eachtu Inkov. Po smrti Inca Pachacutca sa mesto a jeho okolie dostalo do r\u00fak jeho rodiny a potom nakoniec do r\u00fak Inca Manca. Inca Manco pou\u017eil Ollantaytambo ako obranu na \u00fatoky \u0160panielov.<strong> Pevnos\u0165 Ollantaytambo, p\u00f4vodne postaven\u00e1 na n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, bola miestom bitky a jednou z m\u00e1la \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fdch proti dobyvate\u013eom.  Inkom sa podarilo zadr\u017ea\u0165 a porazi\u0165 \u0160panielov, navy\u0161e zaplavili n\u00ed\u017einu a prin\u00fatili \u0160panielov, aby sa stiahli.<\/strong> \u0160panieli boli na kr\u00e1tko porazen\u00ed. Manco Inca sa stiahol do d\u017eung\u013eovej pevnosti Vilcabamba kr\u00e1tko po bitke s vedom\u00edm, \u017ee sa \u0160panieli vr\u00e1tia s e\u0161te v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou silou. Pevnos\u0165 Ollantaytambo  \u010doskoro obsadil Pizarro a jeho mu\u017emi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sacsayhuaman pevnos\u0165 Inkov, leteck\u00fd poh\u013ead. Cusco, Peru. Zauj\u00edmav\u00fd leteck\u00fd poh\u013ead na komplex pevnosti a chr\u00e1mu Sacsayhuaman (Kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fd orol) ktor\u00fd le\u017e\u00ed na severnom okraji b\u00fdval\u00e9ho hlavn\u00e9ho mesta Inkov Cuzco. Ur\u010dite ste videli mno\u017estvo fotiek, ale poh\u013ead zvrchu d\u00e1va \u00faplne in\u00e9 scen\u00e9rie. Postaven\u00e9 za vl\u00e1dy Pachacutiho (1438-1471) a jeho n\u00e1stupcov. Jeho mohutn\u00e9, dobie postaven\u00e9 m\u00fary zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa dodnes [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-920","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-historia-anatolij-fomenko"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/920","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=920"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/920\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=920"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=920"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extraslovensko.sk\/spravy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=920"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}